Flashbulb Memory

Flashbulb Memory Model

Proposed by Brown and Kulik (1977) suggests that highly emotional events create vivid and enduring memories through a combination of cognitive and emotional processes. This involves emotional arousal, attention, rehearsal, and coherence. The model posits that emotions influence cognition by activating the amygdala, focusing attention on the event, boosting encoding and rehearsal, and integrating the memory with other knowledge.

Flashbulb Mechanisms

Consists of two mechanisms: the mechanism of formation where flashbulb memories are formed when an individual experiences an event that creates a strong emotional reaction, and the mechanism of maintenance where the memories are sustained through rehearsal.

Aim of study

A research study was conducted by Sharot (2007) to determine the potential role of biological factors on flashbulb memories.

IV and DV

The independent variable was the participants’ proximity to the World Trade Center, and the dependent variable was the detail of the flashbulb memories reported by the participants.

Method and Procedure

Participants underwent fMRI scans, presented with word cues ("Summer" or "September") to associate with related personal events (summer holidays or 9/11). Brain activity was observed while recalling these events. Memories of personal summer events established a baseline for assessing 9/11 memories. Post-scanning, participants rated their memory vividness, detail, confidence, and arousal, describing their memories.

Results

Only half reported "flashbulb memories," characterized by rich detail and high confidence. Those closer to the World Trade Center on 9/11 reported more specific details in their memories. Researchers discovered that amygdala activation was higher when recalling the terrorist attack compared to events from the previous summer for participants who were downtown. However, participants further away had equal amygdala responses when recalling both events.

Conclusion

The study's findings highlight the strong correlation between amygdala activation and the formation of flashbulb memories. This emphasizes the significance of personal experiences and emotional involvement in engaging neural mechanisms for creating vivid and enduring memories. Overall, the results support the flashbulb memory model, demonstrating the link between emotional experiences, proximity to the event, and the creation of detailed flashbulb memories.