Lab Practical - Experimental Plant Sciences - Dr Hammer - Wayne State College

Bryophytes

Does polytricum have mechanisms to regulate gasses?

no

Do bryophytes have vascular tissue?

no

Genetic state of the leafy plant?

haploid

Genetic state of the seta/sporangium?

Diploid

What structure was found where the base of the seta now occurs?

Archegonia

Function of the sporangium?

location where the spores are made and stored before meiosis

Function of the seta?

connects capsule to foot so that it may receive nutrients and raises capsule for better dispersal of seeds

Function of spores?

give rise to gametophyte/ long distance dispersal

Genetic state of mature spores?

haploid

Function of the operculum?

cap of the capsule, removed when spores mature

What is the genetic state of the operculum?

Diploid

Alternation of Generations

Some plants can alternate between haploid and diploid generations

What nuclear division is involved in the development of a sporophyte plant from a zygote?

mitosis

What type of nuclear division is involved in the development of spores?

meiosis

What is a zygote?

diploid cell

When does a zygote form?

after fertilization

What develops from an embryo in the bryophytes?

sporophyte

When the antheridia and archegonia are found on the same plant it is...

monoecious

When the antheridia and archegonia are NOT found on the same plant it is...

dioecious

What micro-climate conditions are required for fertilization? Why?

water so the sperm can travel

What micro-climate conditions is optimum for spore release? Why?

dry conditions to increase distance in seed dispersal

What type of environment does the typical bryophyte grow in?

damp/moist areas

This is an archegonia/antheridia?

Antheridia

This is an archegonia/antheridia?

Archegonia

Seedless Vascular

Fiddleheads, fronds, and rhizomes are...

diploid

sori are clusters of...

sporangia

what is the function of the annulus?

serves in spore dispersal

When acetone is placed on the sporangium what happens? Why?

annulus opens up and spores are dispersed; the acetone creates artificial dry conditions drying out the annulus triggering spore dispersal

Is a mature spore haploid or diploid

haploid

Name these structures; A. and B.

A .spores, B. annulus

Know the location of archegonia, antheridia, and rhizoids

Know the location and genetic state of the sporophyte and gametophyte

Gametophyte \= haploid; sporophyte \= diploid

In what part of the whisk fern does photosynthesis occur?

aerial stems

What is the stele? Why would we expect if in plants from this lab?

vascular tissue in fern stems; these plants are vascular plants

What waxy structure is on the outer surface of the epidermis?

cuticle

What is the function of the cuticle?

prevent water loss through the leaves

Know the location of the stele, epidermis, and stomates

Why are horsetails also called scouring rush?

stems are rough and durable

Why are the archegonia and antheridia of the fern are on the lower surface of the prothallus?

protection from dessication

Why are vascular plants larger than nonvascular plants?

they have a vascular system

What two characteristics of seedless vascular plants allow them to survive in dryer habitats?

cuticles and stomates

How are the life cycles of a fern and a moss similar? How are they different?

they both have alteration of generations; gametophytes wither away after fertilization creating an independent sporophyte

What weather conditions facilitate spore dispersal in seedless vascular plants?

wind and dry conditions

Gymnosperms

What kind of conditions are pines adapted to?

dry conditions

Why would a pine need to be adapted to dry conditions?

allows them to live in frozen conditions during winter

What is located on the side of the pollen? What is their function?

wings, serve in spore dispersal

How many seeds are generally produced on each cone scale?

2 seeds

This is a male or female cone?

male

This is a male or female cone?

female

know the name and genetic state of A. B. C. D.

A) megagametophyte - haploid, B) egg (before fertilization megaspore) - haploid, C) integument - diploid, D) nucleus - haploid

Be able to identify the micropyle

opening opposite of the archegonia

What does the integument develop into in a pinyon seed? What is its genetic state?

seed coat; diploid

What does the megagametophyte develop into in a pinyon seed? What is its genetic state?

developing tissue for the egg; haploid

What does the egg develop into in a pinyon seed? What is its genetic state?

sporophyte; diploid

How is the energy stored in megagametophytes?

as lipids

Be able to identify the microsporangium, cone axis, and pollen grains

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Be able to label the phloem, xylem, epidermis, cuticle, resin ducts, and mesophyll

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What kind of xylem cells make up pine wood?

tracheid cells

How does an angiosperm wood differ from the gymnosperm wood?

angiosperms have tracheid cells and vessel elements; gymnosperms ONLY have tracheid cells

Be able to tell the age of a plant, based on the number of rings. How old is this plant?

3 years

When functioning are xylem cells are... (dead or alive)

dead

What type of cells are present in angiosperms that are absent in gymnosperms?

vessel elements

What structure is present in gymnosperms that is absent in angiosperms?

resin ducts

What does gymnosperm mean?

"naked seed"

How does pollination in gymnosperms differ from that of angiosperms?

gymnosperms rely ONLY on the wind; angiosperms use both wind and animals for pollination

What is an ovule?

contains the egg

Monoecious and Dioecious mean?

dioecious - male and female structures are on different plants

monoecious - both male and female structures are on the same plant

How is pine POLLEN dispersed? What evidence suggests this?

wind; pollen grains have wings

How are pine SEEDS dispersed? What evidence suggests this?

wind; seeds have wings

Why does the dispersal of pinyon seeds differ from pine seeds? How are pinyon seeds dispersed?

pinyon seeds don't have wings, pine seeds do; pinyon seeds rely on animals for dispersal

What causes growth rings in a tree?

Transition from early-wood to late-wood

Primary growth - a) direction of growth b) what meristem

.a) elongations/upward growth b) apical meristem.

How does secondary growth differ from primary growth...based on a) direction of growth and b) the meristems responsible?

Secondary growth - a) girth addition/outward growth b) lateral meristem

Identify the pith, annual rings, secondary xylem, early-wood, late-wood, rays, vascular cambium, secondary phloem, and cork. (Pinus stem)

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Identify the pith, annual rings, secondary xylem, early-wood, late-wood, rays, vascular cambium, secondary phloem, and cork. (basswood stem)

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In a botanical sense, what is a pollen grain?

male reproductive organ

Angiosperms

Location of the stem where the leaf attaches is the…

Node

This is an example of what kind of leaf arrangement?

Opposite arrangement

This is an example of what kind of leaf arrangement?

Alternate arrangement

An axillary bud is found where?

Where the leaf attaches to the stern

What is the name of the location between two nodes?

Internode

Is this leaf pinnate or palmate? Simple or complex?

Pinnate complex

Is this leaf pinnate or palmate? Simple or complex?

Palmate complex

What is the function of axillary buds?

Produce new shoots to promote growth

What is the function of lenticles?

Support stem water evaporation/gas exchange

Be able to locate… apical meristem, leaf primordium, bud primordium, epidermis, parenchyma, and vascular tissue

axillary buds are where bud primordium are located, green stained cells \= parenchyma

Why does the apical meristem and the bud primordium have a darker red stain than the other tissue?

Have more visible nuclei due to high levels of division because these parts are actively growing tissue

Be able to locate… parenchyma, vascular bundle, primary xylem, primary phloem, sclerenchyma(bundle cap), collenchyma, and epidermis

Describe the vascular bundle arrangements in a dicot stem x.s?

uniform ring

Be able to locate… vascular bundles, primary xylem, primary phloem, sclerenchyma, parenchyma, and epidermis

How does the distribution of vascular bundles differ in monocots and dicots?

vascular bundles are arranged on the outer layer of dicots in ring formation, monocots vascular bundles a placed sporadically around

Be able to locate… root cap, apical meristem, zone of cell division, zone of elongation, zone of cell maturation, and root hairs

In which zone do you see the most mitosis?

zone of cell division

In which zone do you see the root hairs developing?

zone of maturation

Are root hairs separate cells or extensions of the epidermal cells?

extensions

How do the locations of the root and shoot apical meristems differ?

root \= found in root cap; underground shoot \= found in apical meristem; above ground (no cap)