Personality and Psychological Disorders Flashcards

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Flashcards covering key vocabulary from the lecture notes on Personality and Psychological Disorders.

Psychology

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112 Terms

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Personality

An individual's unique and consistent set of behavioral traits.

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Consistency (in personality)

Stable behavior patterns across time and situations.

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Distinctiveness (in personality)

Explains why people behave differently in the same situation.

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Personality Trait

A durable disposition to behave in a particular way in a variety of situations.

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Factor Analysis

A statistical tool used to group related traits under broader, underlying dimensions.

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Extraversion

Sociable, upbeat, and friendly; characterized by a positive outlook and motivation for social contact.

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Neuroticism

Anxious, hostile, and self-conscious; tendency to exhibit impulsiveness and emotional instability.

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Openness to Experience

Curiosity, flexibility, and imaginativeness; tolerance of ambiguity.

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Agreeableness

Warm, sympathetic, and trusting; correlated with empathy and helping behavior.

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Conscientiousness

Diligent, well-organized, and punctual; associated with strong self-discipline.

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Psychodynamic Perspectives

Explain personality by influence of early childhood, unconscious conflicts, and sexual urges.

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Behavioral Perspectives

Focuses on observable behavior, and learned response tendencies shaped by environment.

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Humanistic Perspectives

Emphasizes the unique qualities of humans, especially their freedom and potential for personal growth.

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Biological Perspectives

Genetic factors contribute to behavior and personality traits.

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Id

The primitive, instinctive component of personality that operates according to the pleasure principle and demands immediate gratification.

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Ego

The decision-making component of personality that operates according to the reality principle and mediates between id desires and social expectations.

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Superego

The moral component of personality that incorporates social standards about what represents right and wrong.

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Conscious

What you are aware of right now and includes current thoughts, perceptions, and feelings.

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Preconscious

Contains material just beneath the surface of awareness that can easily be retrieved.

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Unconscious

Contains thoughts, memories, and desires that are well below the surface of conscious awareness but still have a great influence on behavior.

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Defense Mechanisms

Largely unconscious reactions that protect a person from unpleasant emotions such as anxiety and guilt.

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Repression

Burying distressing thoughts in the unconscious.

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Projection

Attributing your own thoughts/feelings to someone else.

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Displacement

Shifting emotion to a safer target.

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Reaction Formation

Acting in a way opposite to your true feelings.

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Regression

Returning to immature behaviors.

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Rationalization

Creating plausible excuses to justify bad behavior.

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Identification

Boosting self-worth by aligning with others.

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Sublimation

Redirecting unacceptable urges into positive outlets.

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Fixation

A lingering focus on an earlier stage due to either too much or too little gratification, affecting adult behavior.

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Oedipal Complex

Children manifest erotically tinged desires for their opposite-sex parent, accompanied by feelings of hostility toward their same-sex parent.

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Personal Unconscious

Layer of unconscious that contains repressed or forgotten personal experiences.

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Collective Unconscious

A deeper, universal layer of the unconscious shared by all humans that contains latent memory traces inherited from our ancestors.

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Archetypes

Emotionally charged images and thought forms that have universal meaning.

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Striving for Superiority

Desire to overcome challenges, improve oneself, and achieve mastery.

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Compensation

Efforts to overcome imagined or real inferiorities by developing one’s abilities.

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Inferiority Complex

Exaggerated feelings of inadequacy.

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Overcompensation

Masking inferiority through outward displays of success.

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Operant Conditioning

A form of learning where behaviour is influenced by its consequences – reinforcement strengthens behaviour, while punishment weakens it.

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Response Tendencies

Learned patterns of behavior that are consistently triggered by specific situations.

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Observational Learning

Occurs when an organism’s responding is influenced by the observation of others.

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Self-Efficacy

A person’s belief in their own ability to perform behaviours that will lead to desired outcomes.

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Reciprocal Determinism

The mutual influence between a person’s behaviour, their personal factors (like thoughts and beliefs), and their environment.

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Self-Concept

A collection of beliefs about one’s own nature, unique qualities, and typical behaviour.

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Incongruence

Gap between self-concept and reality.

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Congruence

When your self-concept matches reality.

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Hierarchy of Needs

A systematic arrangement of needs, according to priority, in which basic needs must be met before less basic needs are activated.

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Self-Actualization

The need to realise one’s full potential; the drive to become what one can become.

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Behavioural Genetics

The field that studies how genetic factors contribute to behaviour and personality traits.

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Heritability

The proportion of trait variation in a population that can be attributed to genetic differences.

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Narcissism

Personality trait marked by an inflated sense of importance, a need for attention and admiration, a sense of entitlement, and a tendency to exploit others.

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Terror Management Theory (TMT)

Explains how humans manage the existential anxiety stemming from their awareness of death by adopting cultural worldviews that give meaning and purpose.

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Mortality Salience

The degree to which subjects’ mortality is prominent in their minds.

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National Character

The idea that various cultures have widely recognised prototype personalities.

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Independent View of Self

People learn to define themselves in terms of their personal attributes, abilities, accomplishments and possessions.

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Interdependent View of Self

Emphasises the fundamental connectedness of people to each other. Modesty and reliance on others are key features.

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Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological Theory

Explains how a child develops within a complex system of relationships influenced by multiple layers of environment.

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Microsystem

The child’s immediate surroundings (family, school, daycare).

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Mesosystem

Interactions between different microsystems (home, neighbourhood, school).

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Exosystem

The social setting surrounding the child (e.g., religious institutions, media, parent’s work environments).

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Macrosystem

The broadest context, referring to cultures and subcultures with their own beliefs and value systems.

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Medical Model

Proposes abnormal behavior is viewed as a disease terms such as: mental illness, psychological disorder and psychopathology.

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Diagnosis

Distinguishing one illness from another.

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Aetiology

Refers to the apparent causation and developmental history of an illness.

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Prognosis

A forecast about the probable course of an illness.

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Deviance

Behaviour differs from cultural norms.

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Maladaptive Behavior

Interferes with daily life.

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Personal Distress

Suffering is reported by the person.

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Dimensional Approach

Rates individuals on continuums like anxiety, depression, paranoia, etc.

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Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)

Marked by a chronic, high level of anxiety that is not tied by any specific threat.

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Specific Phobia

A persistent and irrational fear of an object or situation that presents no realistic danger.

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Panic Disorder

Characterised by recurrent attacks of overwhelming anxiety that usually occur suddenly and unexpectedly.

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Agoraphobia

Fear of going out in public spaces.

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Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)

Marked by persistent, uncontrollable intrusions of unwanted thoughts (obsessions) and urges to engage in senseless rituals (compulsions).

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Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)

Involves enduring psychological disturbance attributed to the experience of a major traumatic event.

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Concordance Rates

The percentage of twin pairs or other pairs of relatives who exhibit the same disorder

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Evolved Module for Fear Learning

Automatically activated by stimuli related to past survival threats in evolutionary history.

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Executive Function

Basic cognitive processes that support self-regulation, planning and decision making.

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Dissociative Amnesia

A sudden loss of memory for important personal information that is too extensive due to normal forgetting.

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Dissociative Identity Disorder

Disruption of identity with two or more distinct personalities.

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Major Depressive Disorder

Persistent sadness, despair, and loss of interest in previously enjoyed activities.

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Anhedonia

Reduced ability to feel pleasure.

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Bipolar Disorder

Marked by the experience of both depressed and manic periods.

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Schizophrenia

A severe psychological disorder marked by delusions , hallucinations, disorganized thinking and speech and Deterioration in adaptive behavior .

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Hallucinations

sensory perceptions that occur in the absence of real, external stimulus or are gross distortions of perceptual input .

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Expressed Emotion

Critical, hostile, or overinvolved family interactions.

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Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)

Neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by deficits in social interaction and communication, and restricted, repetitive interests and activities.

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Personality Disorders

Marked by extreme, inflexible personality traits that can cause subjective distress or impaired social or occupational functioning.

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Antisocial Personality Disorder (ASPD)

Marked by impulsive, callous, manipulative, aggressive, and irresponsible behaviour.

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Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD)

Marked by instability in social relationships, self-image, and emotional functioning.

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Narcissistic Personality Disorder (NPD)

Marked by a grandiose sense of self-importance, a sense of entitlement, and an excessive need for attention and admiration.

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Eating Disorders

Severe disturbances in eating behaviour characterised by preoccupation with weight concerns and unhealthy efforts to control weight.

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Anorexia Nervosa

Intense fear of gaining weight, distorted body image, and refusal to maintain normal weight.

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Bulimia Nervosa

Recurrent binge eating episodes with compensatory behaviours like vomiting, fasting, laxatives, and excessive exercise.

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Binge-Eating Disorder

Distress-inducing eating binges that are not accompanied by the purging, fasting, and excessive exercise seen in bulimia.

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Insight Therapies

Verbal interactions intended to enhance the client’s self-knowledge, and thus promote healthy changes in personality and behaviour.

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Behaviour Therapies

Involves the application of the principles of learning and conditioning to direct efforts to change the clients’ maladaptive behaviours.

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Biomedical Therapies

Physiological interventions intended to reduce symptoms associated with psychological disorders.

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Psychoanalysis

An insight therapy that emphasises the recovery of unconscious conflicts, motives and defenses through techniques such as free association and transference.

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Free association

Clients spontaneously express their thoughts and feelings exactly as they occur with as little censorship as possible.