Policing Exam # 1

What percentage of the time does law enforcement spend enforcing laws?

15% (patrol)

How many police agencies exist in the United States?

18,000+ federal, state, and local agencies

Differentiate federal, state, county, local police

Federal: Customs and Border Protection

Immigration and Customs Enforcement

Federal Emergency Management Agency

Transportation Security Administration

U.S. Coast Guard

U.S. Secret Service

Drug Enforcement Administration

Federal Bureau of Investigation

Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives

U.S. Marshals Service

State:Texas Rangers was one of the first state agencies formed.

Responsible for:

Highway safety

Law enforcement in various areas

Technical support to other agencies

County:General law enforcement

County jail

Court protection

Serves civil papers

Local police:Have majority of personnel

NYPD is largest 30,000+

Large & small departments have same functions

Average cost per officer per year is about $62,000

Statute of Winchester = nightwatch, communal laws

1285, Statute of Winchester following Norman the Conquest

New Norman communal "decentralized" laws

hue & cry

adult males serve night watch

1700s urbanization / industrialization

movement

1737, tax revenues used to pay night watch

Describe police in colonial and industrial America (before the professionalization movement)

Personnel Standards

None

Selection based on political connections

Foot patrol

Weak supervision

No communications system

In time, call boxes emerged (frequently sabotaged)

Inefficient & Corrupt

No golden age in American policing

London's Metropolitan Policing Act 1829

Metropolitan Policing Act (MPA)

Resisted by the public

Modern Police created in London (1829) under Sir Robert Peel (1788-1850)

(father of modern policing)

What is Sir Robert Peel known for?

Sir Robert Peel's Nine Principles for Modern Policing

1.prevent crime

2.depend on public approval

3.willing cooperation

4.copperation--->dimishes force

5.police seek public favor but catering (impartial service)

6. force only used when necessary

7.Police are the public and the public are the police

8.never appear to usurp the powers of the judiciary.

9.The test of police efficiency is the absence of crime and disorder

Contrast British and American policing

unarmed

America much more democratic/decentralized

White property owners exercised direct control over all government agencies

In London, voters had no direct control over new police forces and police commissioners were free from political influence and able to maintain high personnel standards

In U.S. officers selected and promoted based on political connections (e.g., NY City, officers paid Tammy Hall political machine before being hired) Little to no training

Progressive Era - police and politics

Built a wall between police & public

The Jungle

"The Police have to get out of politics and politics have to get out of the police!"

More centralized management

August Vollmer - author of Wickersham Commission "Report on Lawlessness in Law Enforcement"

August Vollmer

Father of American police professionalism

Educator, advocated higher education for police officers

Is advanced degrees needed for policing today?

1904, age of 29 Vollmer elected Chief of Police in Berkeley, CA until 1932.

Created a police force that became the model for the rest of the nation

Wickersham Commission :

Looking at police misconduct and became catalyst for reform

O.W. Wilson

O.W. Wilson student of Vollmer

Chief of Police in Wichita, Kansas (1928-1935)

Superintendent Chicago PD (1960-1967)

Implemented new technology- "Leave crime fighting up to the professionals"

Encouraged colleges to offer police courses

Encouraged record development in Washington, DC (FBI)

Police should be trained professionals capable of using newest technology to investigate crime

Officers were encouraged to intervene in lives of individuals, especially juveniles

Problem- reduced police contact with law abiding citizens, increased perceptions of an occupying force

Officers feeling alienated, underutilized, demoralized (STRESSED)

Telephones creating a reliance on the police and excuse for inability of communities to police themselves

Unintended consequences of mobile patrol

Reduced police contact with law abiding citizens

LEAA

LEAA (Law Enforcement Assistance Administration) included federal grants to ensure training was met through police departments. Included written promotional testing and use of seniority

LEEP

LEEP (Law Enforcement Education Program) took LEAA funds to support new CJ courses and majors at colleges and universities

POP (Problem-oriented policing)

Herman Goldstein,

is a policing strategy that involves the identification and analysis of specific crime and disorder problems, in order to develop effective response strategies.

SARA Model

Scanning,

Analysis,

Response,

Assesment

Police response time and clearance rates

Response time has little to do with "clearing rates"

Differential response

involves classifying calls according to their seriousness. Calls either 1) immidiate response 2)delayed response 3)no police response. reports taken over the phone

RAND research on police investigations

Tfhis study demonstrated that investigative activities play only a minor role in contributing to overall arrest rates, and that much of an investigator's time is consumed with administrative paperwork or locating and interviewing witnesses on cases that have a small likelihood of ever being solved.

Kansas City Preventative Patrol experiment

Kansas City Preventive Patrol Experiment (1972-73 with funds from the Police Foundation)

Controversial results

Challenged traditional assumptions about patrol

Reducing patrol did not cause crime to go up

Flint, Michigan foot patrol experiment

the study felt safer because of the Foot Patrol Program

Bureaucracies and Max Weber

argued that bureaucracy constitutes the most efficient and rational way in which one can organize the human activity and that systematic processes and organized hierarchies are necessary to maintain order, maximize efficiency, and eliminate favoritism.

Quasi paramilitaristic organizations

Organized along military lines

Uniforms

Rank designations

Command structure is hierarchical

Organizational style is authoritarian with penalties for misconduct

Officers carry weapons and can use deadly force, physical force, and deprive people of their liberty through arrest

Different from military

Serve a citizen population

Provide services designed to help people

Constrained by laws protecting the rights of citizens (due process)

Routinely exercise individual discretion

Closed institutions vs. TQM (Mission Statements, Goals, Objectives)

TQM

1.Organizations that produce quality products are more likely to survive.

2.Employees "naturally" care about their work and will take the initiative to improve.

3.Problems are rarely restricted to one particular part of an organization.

4.Top managers are ultimately responsible for the quality of services and should be held accountable.

Describe traditional law enforcement organizations versus COP / POP departments

Image result for traditional law enforcement

Traditional Policing. Traditional policing involves officers answering calls and patrolling their communities, looking for crimes that have occurred or that are occurring. It's reactive - officers respond to a variety of situations as they develop. You'll spend your shift addressing challenges or issues as they come up

Community oriented policing

emphasizes proactive problem solving in a systematic and routine fashion. Rather than responding to crime only after it occurs, community policing encourages agencies to proactively develop solutions to the immediate underlying conditions contributing to public safety problems.

Obstacles to efficient policing

Dramaturgy

is the idea that people's day-to-day lives can be understood as resembling performers in action on a theater stage. As we present ourselves in various situations, we are much like actors putting on performances for their audience.

Police subcultures

Strong sense of solidarity

Secrecy- Code of Silence

Blue Curtain or Thin Blue Line

Justifies violence against citizens

Refuse to testify against

fellow officers

Working personality shaped by authority and danger

Racial profiling

1960s-1970s: African-Americans shot at ratio of 8:1 compared to whites

Robin (1963) found between 1950-1960 Chicago police shot and killed African-Americans at rate of 16.1 per 100,000 compared to 2.1 whites per 100,000

Has caused many urban riots

Maryland State Police sued over civil rights study

African-Americans 17% drivers on I-95 and 18% of traffic law violators, yet 73% of all drivers stopped by the police!

81% of those drivers searched were African-American

Proactive policing vs.

Proactive policing is getting out in front of events in the hopes of preventing crimes and working with the community to reduce crimes. Proactive policing strategies hold great promise to prevent and reduce crime and potentially improve relations between officers and the communities they serve

Is crime up or down during the past decade? Why?

crime is down because of the new innovations, such as technology and better law enforcement. (Stricer rules and and penalties)

Hot spots

hot spots policing strategies focus on small geographic areas or places, usually in urban settings, where crime is concentrated

Environmental Criminology: Routine activities, rational choice, social disorganization (incivilities)

Focuses on criminal patterns within particular built environments and analyzes the impacts of these external variables on people's cognitive behavior. It forms a part of criminology's Positivist School in that it applies the scientific method to examine the society that causes crime.

Wilson & Kelling broken windows theory -

WilsonKelling (1982)

used broken windows as a metaphor for disorder within neighbourhoods. Their theory links disorder and incivility within a community to subsequent occurrences of serious crime.

COMSTAT

Clarifies the department's mission, goals, and values

Holds managers accountable

Organizational power and authority transferred to commanders who are responsible for geographic areas

Resources are transferred to commanders.

Data used to identify problems and to evaluate success and failure.

Middle managers expected to use innovative problem-solving tactics

Mapp v. Ohio

amendment protection against unreasonable search and seizures

Miranda v. Arizona

police must advise suspects of their rights

Tennessee v. Garner

fleeing felon rule .

How can police discretion be controlled?

Professionalization of the police

Written rules

Policies

SOP

Civilian oversight

NOTE: negative correlation with education and civilian complaints

What city has the largest police department? What city is 2nd largest?

1.New York Police Department

2.Chicago Police Department

Chicago Alternative Policing Strategy (CAPS)

CAPS innovative is that it brings the police, the community, and other City agencies together to identify and solve neighborhood crime problems, rather than simply react to their symptoms after the fact. Problem solving at the neighborhood level is supported by a variety of strategies, including neighborhood-based beat officers; regular Beat Community Meetings involving police and residents; extensive training for both police and community; more efficient use of City services that impact crime; and new technology to help police and residents target crime hot spots.

What is SMART policing

a Bureau of Justice Assistance (BJA)-sponsored initiative that supports law enforcement agencies in building evidence-based, data-driven law enforcement tactics and strategies that are effective, efficient, and economical.

intelligence-led policing,

Intelligence-led policing (ILP) is a policing model built around the assessment and management of risk.

Intelligence officers serve as guides to operations, rather than operations guiding intelligence. Calls for intelligence-led policing originated in the 1990s, both in Britain and in the United States.

COMPSTAT?

Real Time Crime Analysis

Targeted Crime Interdiction

Broken Windows Enforcement

Directed Patrol

Crime Response Teams, both regular & ad hoc

Unit Commander Accountability

and/or

A Police Version of Organizational Development: MBO, TQM, Results Oriented Management

Reorientation of Community Policing to Crime Specific Policing

Organizational Invigoration

What is the difference between informal and formal social control?

Formal social control is implemented by authorized agents including police officers, employers, military officers, and others.

Social control is performed by informal agents on their own in an unofficial capacity. Traditional societies mostly embed informal social control culture to establish social order.

Shame, sarcasm, criticism, ridicule and disapproval are some of the informal sanctions.

What does it mean to be proactive or reactive?

If you are proactive, you make things happen, instead of waiting for them to happen to you. Active means "doing something."

" So if you are proactive, you are ready before something happens.

reactive is waiting for things to unfold before responding.

In regards to standard/traditional law enforcement, is formal social control usually done in a proactive or reactive manner? Why?

Why is collective efficacy so important?

See- http://www.sciencemag.org/content/277/5328/918.abstract

In the sociology of crime, the term collective efficacy refers to the ability of members of a community to control the behavior of individuals and groups in the community.[1] Control of people's behavior allows community residents to create a safe and orderly environment. Collective efficacy involves residents monitoring children playing in public areas, acting to prevent truancy and street corner "hanging" by teenagers, and confronting individuals who exploit or disturb public spaces.

Where should we allocate most of our resources if we desire to have a proactive

department geared towards problem-oriented policing?

Reactive law enforcement

Reactive tactics have some virtues, of course. The police go where crimes have occurred and when citizens have sum- moned them; otherwise, they do not intrude. The police keep.