Ap Biology Unit 1

observation?

something you use your 5 senses for

inference?

a logical conclusion based on observation

quantitative vs qualitative

quantitative

independant var

researcher changes

dependent var

reasearcher measures

What are the steps of the scientific method

make an observation, ask a question, form a hypothesis, perform an experiment, record and analyze results, draw a conclusion

theory

has been tested over and over again and is considered a scientific truth

hypothesis

something that has yet to be tested

capilary

the ability of water to travel up tubes used for plants to get water

molarity

1 mol = 6.02 x 10^23 particles

water dissociation

water splitting into ions

kinetic energy

energy of motion

Thermal Energy? Depends on what?

kinetic energy due to random motions of atoms and molecules; this depends on matters volume unlike temp

temperature

measure in degrees of average kinetic energy in a body of matter

Heat

thermal energy is transferred from one body of matter to another

calorie

amount of heat it takes to raise the temp of 1g by 1 degree C

solution

homogenous mixture of 2 or more substances

solvent

dissolves the substance

solute

is the substance that is dissolved

aqueous

solute dissolved in water

hydration shell

sphere of water molecules around dissolved ion

adhesion

clinging of one substance to another by means of bonds

surface tension

a measure of how difficult it is to stretch or break the surface of a liquid

evaporative colling

water molecules with high kinetic energy evaporate leaving the remaining molecules cooler

cohesion

the linking together of like molecules often by hydrogen bonding

hydrocarbons consist of what?

consist of hydrogen and carbon

polymer

a long molecule consisting of many similar or identical monomers linked together by covalent bonds

monomers

the subunit that serves as the building block for a polymer

dehydration reaction

chemical reaction in which two molecules become covalently bonded to each other with the removal of a water molecule; one molecule provides the hydroxyl group (OH) and the other provides an additional hydrogen (H)

hydrolysis

chemical reaction that breaks bonds between 2 molecules by the addition of water

carbohydrates

a sugar (monosaccharides), one of its dimers (disaccharides), or a polymer (polysaccharides) \[includes Bothe sugars and polymers of sugars\]

monosaccharides

simplest carb acting alone or serving as a monomer for a disaccharide or polysaccharide \[usually have the molecular formula some multiple of CH20\]

disaccharide

able sugar consisting of two monosaccharides joined by glycosidic linkage formed by a dehydration reaction

glycosidic linkage

a covalent bond formed between 2 monosaccharides by a dehydration reaction

polysaccharides

a polymer of many monosaccharides formed by dehydration reactions

starch? Type of configuration?

a storage polysaccharides in plants, consisting entirely of glucose monomers joined by glycosidic linkage; alpha configuration

glycogen

an extensively beached glucose storage polysaccharides found in the liver and muscle of animals (animal equivalent of starch)

cellulose? Type of configuration?

structural polysaccharide of plant cell walls consisting of glucose monomers joined by beta glycosidic linkages; beta configuration

alpha and beta rings

when glucose forms a ring, the hydroxyl group attached to the number 1 carbon is positioned either above or below the plane of the ring, these two ring forms for glucose are called this

chitin

structural polysaccharide consisting of amino sugar monomers found in the fungal cell walls and in the exoskeleton of all arthropods

fat

lipid consisting of 3 fatty acids inked to one glycerol molecule

fatty acid

carboxylic acid with long carbon chain; each fatty acid molecule is joined to the glycerol by a dehydration rxn; is relatively non polar due to the C-H bonds are the reason for the hydrophobic

complete fat

consists of 3 fatty acids linked to one glycerol molecule (AKA Triglyceride)

saturated fatty acid

a fatty acid in which all carbons in the hydrocarbon tail are connected by single bonds thus minimizing the number of hydrogen atoms attached to the carbon skeleton

unsaturated fatty acid

fatty acid that has one or more double bonds between carbons in the hydrocarbon tail. this bonding reduces the number of hydrogen atoms attached to the carbon skeleton

cis double bonds in naturally occurring fatty acids

there is a cis double bond creting a kink in the hydrocarbon chain wherever it occurs

trans fats

an unsaturated fat formed artificially during hydrogenation of oils containing one or more trans double bonds

hydrogenation

adding hydrogen to unsaturated fats and allowing them to solidify

phospholipid

lipid made of glycerol joined to 2 fatty acids and a phosphate group. the hydrocarbon chains of the fatty acid act as non polar hydrophobic tails, while the rest of the molecule acts as a polar hydrophilic head

steroids

a type of lipid characterized by carbon skeleton consisting of 4 fused rings with various chemical groups attached

protein

a biologically functional molecule consisting of one or more polypeptides folded and coiled into a specific 3D structure

what are the 8 types of proteins

enzymatic, defensive, storage, transport, hormonal, receptor, contractile and motor, and structural

enzymatic proteins

selective acceleration of chemical rxns

defensive protein

defends from diseases

storage proteins

stores amino acids

hormonal proteins

coordination of organisms activities

receptor proteins

respond of cell to chemical stimuli

contractile and motor proteins

movement

polypeptide

a polymer of many amino acids linked together by peptide bonds (similar to dehydration synthesis)

amino acids

an organic molecule processing both a carboxyl and an amino group

r group function

gives physical and chemical properties

what is in the center of an amino acid

a central carbon with 4 partners; amino group, carboxyl group, hydrogen atom, R group

primary protein structure

linear chain of amino acids connected by covalent bonds and peptide bonds involving only one chain of polypeptides

secondary protein structure

regions are stabilized by hydrogen binders between atoms of polypeptide backbone; this can either take the pleated sheet structure or the helix structure

tertiary protein structure

3d shape stabilized by interactions between side chains which can be bonded with hydrogen, ionic, disulfide, or hydrophobic bonds

quaternary protein structure

association of 2 or more polypeptide chains bonded with hydrogen, ionic, disulfide, and hydrophobic bonds

denaturation

process swehre a protein loses its native shape due to the disruption of weak chemical bonds and interactions thereby becoming biologically inactive

x-ray crystalligraphy

technique used to study the 3d structure of molecules

nucleic acids

a polymer consisting of many nucleotide monomers; serves as a blueprint for proteins and through proteins all movement (DNA and RNA

gene expression

process when information encoded in DNA directs synthesis of proteins or in some cases RNAs that aren’t translated into proteins instead function as RNAs

polynucleotides

polymer consisting of many nucleotide monomers in a chain

nucleotide

building block of a nucleic acid consisting of a 5 carbon sugar covalently bonded to a nitrogenous base and one phosphate group

pyrimidine

one of two types of nitrogenous bases found in nucleotides characterized by a six membered ring (cytosine, thymus and uracil)

purine

1 of 2 types of nitro bases found in nucleotides characterized by a 6 membered ring fused to a 5 membered ring (adenine and guanine)

antiparallel

referring got the arrangement of the sugar phosphate backbones in DNA double helix that runs opposite from each other

tRNA

transfer RNA which brings amino acids to the ribosomes during the synthesis of a polypeptide

bioinformatics

the use of computer software and math models to process and integrate biological info from large data sets

geonomics

the study of whole sets of genes and their interactions with in a species as well as genome comparison between species

proteomics

systematic study of the full protein sets encoded by genomes

structural isomers

one of two or more compounds that have the same molecular formula but differ in the covalent arrangements or their atoms

cis-trans isomers

differ in arrangement about a double bond; 1 of 2 or more compounds that have the same molecular formula and covalent bond but differ in spatial arrangements of their atoms due to inflexibility of double bonds

enantiomers

1 of 2 compounds that are mirror images of each other and that differ in shape due to the presence of an asymetric carbon

functional groups

a specific configuration of atoms commonly attached to the carbon skeletons of organic molecules and involved in chemical rxns