Microbio test 1

archaea are all extremophiles

archaea are all extremophiles

false

what is true about fungi?

Included the unicellular yeasts, like Saccharomyces cerevisiae (brewer's/ baker's yeast)

which group has peptidoglycan cell walls?

bacteria

Which classification scheme is based on molecular phylogeny?

the three domains

all eukaryotes are multicellular

false

viruses cannot live without a host cell

true

What is the difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

Eukaryotes have a nucleus, Prokaryotes do not

photosynthesis in only found in plants

false

microorganisms were known about in 2000 BC

false

Sergei Winogradsky

proposed chemolithotrophy

Carl Woese

discovered Archaea

Martinus Beijerinck

developed selective media

Fanny Hesse

developed use of agar in solid media

Louis Pasteur

determined that attenuated pathogens could be used to create vaccines

Robert Koch

linked bacillus anthracis to anthrax disease

Lazzaro Spallanzani

disproved spontaneous generation

coccus shape

spherical/ovoid

bacillus shape

rod-shaped/cylindrical

coccbacillus shape

short rod

cytoskeletal proteins

FtsZ, MreB, CreS

FtsZ

tubulin homologue, contractile ring

MreB

actin homologue, elongation of cell, motility, polarity

CreS

crescentin - intermediate filament protein homologue, polymerizes along inner curve

DNA binding proteins in

bacteria

histones in

archaea

bacterial cytoplasmic membrane

phospholipid bilayer, embedded proteins, hydrophobic fatty acids, hydrophilic glycerol and phosphate

sterols exist in

eukaryotes

hopanoids exist in

some bacteria

cell envelope components

cytoplasmic membrane, cell wall, outer membrane (some bacteria)

Gram positive cell envelope

thick peptidoglycan wall, inner cytoplasmic membrane

Gram negative cell envelope

outer membrane, thin peptidoglycan wall, inner cytoplasmic membrane

bacterial cell wall

sacculus of peptidoglycan

peptidoglycan components

glycan polysaccharides, NAG, NAT, L-amino acids, B-1,3 bonds

wall-less G+ cell

protoplast

wall-less G- cell

spheroplast

periplasm

between cell membrane and cell wall/outer membrane

G- cell wall

G+ cell wall

DNA binding proteins

control DNA supercoiling

lipoproteins

anchor outer membrane

lipopolysaccharides

molecules on the outer membrane

G+ and G- flagella are exactly the same

false

what bacteria have teichoic and lipoteichoic acid

G+

what are teichoic and lipoteichoic acid embedded in

the G+ cell wall

cell envelope is composed of

peptidoglycan

structure for spirochete

endoflagella

structure for bacterium transferring DNA to another cell

pilus

structure for an archaeon forming a biofilm

hami

structure for a bacterium forming a biofilm

fimbriae

motility structure in eukaryotes

cilia

structure for a bacterium in an aquatic environment

flagella

structure for an archaeon in an aquatic environment

archaella

the capsule is found on the outer coat of the endospore

false

isoprene chains serve as the hydrophobic tail in the archaeal cytoplasmic membrane

true

in an archaean lipid monolayer, 1 phytanyl spans the entire membrane and links 2 hydrophobic heads

true

the glycerol backbone of pseudopeptidoglycan found in eukarya cell membranes has sn-glycerol-1-phosphate linkages

false

peptidoglycan found in the s-layer of archaea has D-form amino acids crosslinking the glycan chains

false

ether linkages in eukarya are found between the hydrophobic tails and the hydrophobic head in the phospholipid bilayer of the cytoplasmic membrane

false

heterocysts are a type of spore found in photosynthetic filamentous cyanobacteria

false

sporulation is the process where an endospore returns to a vegetative state

false

what does Anabaena produce under stress

akinetes

Anabeana stress conditions

sunlight limitation, cold temps

akinetes are resistant to

desiccation

G+ and G- flagella are homologous structures

true

E. coli has what motility structure

flagella

E. coli flagella arrangement

peritrichous

E. coli flagella rotation for a run

CCW

E. coli flagella rotation for a tumble

CW

movement in response to chemical gradient

chemotaxis

components ONLY in G- bacteria

porins, murein lipoproteins, outer membrane

during cell division, a G- bacteria in a curved bacillus shape will have what cytoskeletal proteins

FtsZ, MreB, crescentin

Type IV pili

are found in bacteria and archaea, uses ATPase for power, can be used for gliding motility

Borrelia motility structure

endoflagellum

periplasm

between inner and outer membranes

transcription and translation in bacteria

coupled

bacterial transcription and translation happen

surface of nucleoid

hopanoids

part of cytoplasmic membrane in some bacteria, similar to sterols in eukaryotes

how does penicillin kill bacteria

inhibits a transpeptidase enzyme from forming peptide crosslinks in peptidoglycan, that results in osmotic lysis of the cell

a bacterial cell has its wall broken and becomes a protoplast. what type of solution must the cell be in if it undergoes osmotic lysis

hypotonic

archaean cell walls

pseudopeptidoglycan

fungi cell walls

chitin

plant cell walls

cellulose

animal cell walls

none

chlorosomes

phospholipid monolayer light-harvesting structures attached to cell membrane for anoxygenic photosynthesis

carboxysome

protein-bound polyhedral bodies that contain Rubisco that increase efficiency of CO2 fixation

thylakoids

folded sheets of intracellular membranes with photosynthetic proteins and e- carriers

megnetosomes

lipid-bilayer containing crystals of magnetite that generates a magnetic dipole

magnetosomes are structures found inside bacteria that have magnetite crystals surrounded by a lipid bilayer with embedded proteins

true

a lipid bilayer forms bipyramidal gas vacuoles within bacteria and archaea

false

carbonosomes are protein shells containing poly-beta-hydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) that serve as carbon and energy storage molecules

true

thylakoids are found in cyanobacteria and chloroplasts

true

order of events in bacterial generation

DNA replication, cell elongation, formation of a septum, cell separation

how many cells can form each colony/CFU

each CFU can be formed by a single cell or a group of clustered cells

death phase

rate of death exceeds rate of growth

lag phase

no cell division or new growth

log phase

exponential growth of colony

stationary phase

death rate = new cell rate

MacConkey agar

selective for G-, uses lactose and neutral red

extracellular matrix is used in what type of growth

sessile

Sulphur globules

inclusion, sulphur produced by anaerobic phototrophs for oxidation for energy, stored in cytoplasm or on surface