Practice Test 1

familial and genetic influence

recurrence of major depression, and earlier age of onset in the proband is associated w/highest rates of depression in relatives > mood disorders are heritable

neurotransmitter systems

low levels of serotonin in the causes of mood disorders, but only in relation to other neurotransmitters, including norepinephrine and dopamine > according to "permissive" hypothesis, when serotonin levels are low, other neurotransmitters are "permitted" to range more widely, become dysregulated, and contribute to mood irregularities, including depression

endocrine system

stress hypothesis - focuses on overactivity in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) axis > cortisol (stress hormones) levels are elevated in depressed patients

sleep and circadian rhythm

usually short and long term sleep durations were associated w/an increased risk for depression in adults

REM

active phase of sleep

stressful live events

there is strong relationship between stress and depression, and scientists are discovering that the cause-and-effect connection between the two might go both ways

learned helplessness

people become depressed when they believe they have no control over the stress in their lives

negative cognitive style

depression may result from a tendency to interpret everyday events in a negative way

lithium carbonate

mood stabilizing drug > used for treating bipolar

electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)

electrically shocking (mild) the brain

transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)

it works by placing a magnetic coil over the individual's head to generate a precisely localized electromagnetic pulse > noninvasive treatment where a magnetic coil briefly delivers pulses of energy through the skull. These pulses create small electrical currents in parts of the brain involved in mood and behavior, helping to regulate brain activity

cognitive therapy - becks method

clients are taught to examine carefully their thought processes while they are depressed and to recognize "depressive" errors in thinking

cognitive behavioral analysis system of psychotherapy

which integrates cognitive, behavioral, and interpersonal strategies and focuses on problem-solving skills, particularly in the context of important relationships > effective for people w/dysthymia

interpersonal therapy (IPT)

focuses on resolving problems in existing relationships and learning to form important new interpersonal relationships

maintenance treatment

preventing relapse of depression

suicidal behavior

suicidal ideation, suicidal plans, suicidal attempts

suicidal ideation

thinking about it

suicidal plans

steps on how to do the deed

suicidal attempts

execution of the plan