Cell Organelles and Structures Vocabulary

Vocabulary flashcards covering cellular organelles, structures, and related physiological terms based on the video transcript.

Cell membrane

An external structure found in all prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells that controls what goes in and out of the cell, maintaining homeostasis.

Cell wall

An external structure present in most prokaryotic cells and some eukaryotic cells (such as plant cells) that helps maintain shape and provides additional protection.

Centrioles

Structures found in animal cells that originate from the centrosome (two per centrosome) and are involved in cell division and spindle fiber function during mitosis.

Chloroplast

An organelle found in plant cells that performs photosynthesis to make sugar.

Cytoplasm

In a eukaryotic cell, everything inside the cell except the nucleus; supported by cytosol and the cytoskeleton.

Cytosol

The jelly-like substance component of the cytoplasm that supports organelles.

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

A folded eukaryotic organelle that processes and transports materials through vesicles to the Golgi apparatus.

Rough ER

The portion of the endoplasmic reticulum covered with ribosomes that makes proteins.

Smooth ER

The portion of the endoplasmic reticulum that synthesizes lipids and participates in detoxification.

Golgi apparatus

A eukaryotic organelle that modifies, sorts, and packages materials sent from the ER for delivery.

Lysosome

An organelle typically found in animal cells containing enzymes that break down and digest substances.

Mitochondrion

A eukaryotic organelle that produces ATP energy currency through cellular respiration.

Nucleus

A eukaryotic organelle that houses DNA and controls cellular activities.

Ribosome

A structure present in all cell types that makes proteins.

Vacuole

A eukaryotic organelle that stores materials such as water, proteins, and waste.

Central vacuole

A single, large vacuole found specifically in plant cells.

Modern cell theory

The scientific theory stating that all life is composed of one or more cells.

Ribosomopathies

Diseases and conditions resulting from the dysfunction of ribosomes.