Questions to ponder exam 4

Placentome

Combination of the maternal caruncle and fetal cotyledon in cattle placenta

Caruncle

Maternal uterine attachment site in the bovine uterus

Cotyledon

Fetal placental attachment structure in cattle

Retained placenta in cows

Failure of cotyledons to detach from caruncles after birth

Retained placenta in mares

Potentially life-threatening emergency due to risk of severe illness

Pig placenta arrangement

Each fetus has its own placenta

Advantage of separate pig placentas

Infection in one fetus is less likely to spread to the entire litter

Diffuse placentation

Placental attachment spread evenly across the uterus as seen in pigs

Cotyledonary placentation

Placental attachment at individual placentomes as seen in cattle

Bovine uterus structure

Smaller uterine horns and larger uterine body adapted for one calf

Pig uterus structure

Long uterine horns and small uterine body adapted for litters

Function of bovine caruncles

Attach to cotyledons for nutrient exchange between dam and fetus

Intercornual ligament

Structure between uterine horns used to retract the uterus during rectal palpation

Follicles

Ovarian “bubbles” containing ova at different developmental stages

Cystic ovaries

Condition where follicles enlarge without ovulating

Infundibulum

Funnel-shaped structure that catches the ovulated egg

Function of cilia in infundibulum

Move the ovum into the uterine tube

Uterine tube function

Transports ovum toward the uterine horn

Suspensory ligament of ovary

Cranial edge of the mesovarium and part of the broad ligament

Broad ligament

Peritoneal support structure for the reproductive tract

Pig uterus compared to bovine/equine uterus

Longer horns and smaller body to support multiple fetuses

Transitional epithelium

Specialized bladder lining that stretches with urine volume changes

Benefit of transitional epithelium

Allows bladder expansion and contraction

Boar penis shape

Corkscrew-shaped glans penis

Function of corkscrew boar penis

Matches sow cervix for improved semen transfer

Additional benefit of corkscrew boar penis

Pressure stimulates ejaculation and shortens mating time

Pig artificial insemination equipment

Must accommodate or mimic corkscrew cervical anatomy

Fibroelastic penis

Penis type in bulls that remains firm and narrow even when unstimulated

Advantage of bovine penis shape

Easier penetration into female reproductive tract

Disadvantage of bovine penis shape

Less semen retention after ejaculation

Retractor penis muscle

Muscle that maintains sigmoid flexure in bulls

Effect of stimulation on bovine penis

Relaxation of retractor penis muscle straightens sigmoid flexure for extension

Sigmoid flexure

S-shaped bend in fibroelastic penises

Medial suspensory ligament

Structure supporting the bovine udder from the body wall

Lateral laminae

Additional supportive structures for the mammary gland

Importance of udder support in dairy cattle

Dairy udders are heavier due to increased milk production

Reason cattle have four mammary quarters

Artificial selection for greater milk production

Papillary duct

Teat canal through which milk exits the udder

Function of muscular teat orifice

Keeps milk contained when not nursing or milking

Reason teat canal is commonly injured

Exposed position makes it vulnerable to trauma

Venous ring function

Maintains blood flow in the udder when the cow is lying down

Musculocavernous penis

Penis type in stallions that enlarges with blood engorgement

Effect of stimulation on equine penis

Becomes longer, wider, and firmer due to blood engorgement

Advantage of equine penis structure

Tighter fit reduces semen loss after ejaculation

Umbilical artery

Carries deoxygenated blood away from the fetus

Umbilical vein

Carries oxygenated blood toward the fetus

Umbilical artery palpation

Easier to palpate due to greater rigidity

Placental vasculature arrangement

Blood vessels spread diffusely over the placenta for nutrient exchange

Foal teeth at birth

Usually absent because teeth are unnecessary for nursing

Eponychium

Soft “foal slipper” covering over neonatal hooves

Function of eponychium

Prevents uterine injury during delivery

Importance of checking equine placenta after birth

Retained placenta can be fatal to the mare

Breech birth presentation

Tail and hind end presented first with hind limbs forward

Cornual diverticulum

Extension of the frontal sinus into the horn of horned cattle

Difference between cow and horse incisors

Cows lack upper incisors while horses possess both upper and lower incisors

Special feature of bovine tongue

Extensive musculature and transverse groove for flexibility

Function of bovine tongue musculature

Helps grasp and retract forage during eating

Frontal lobe function

Motor control, cognition, and decision making

Cerebellum function

Coordination, posture, and balance

Pons function

Regulation of body functions including breathing

Midbrain function

Sensory and motor relay, eye movement, hearing, and alertness

Temporal lobe function

Auditory processing, memory, emotional responses, and vision recognition

Occipital lobe function

Vision processing

Hypophysis

Another name for the pituitary gland

Function of hypophysis

Produces hormones regulating body processes

Medulla function

Controls involuntary functions like breathing, heart rate, and blood pressure

Olfactory bulb function

Sense of smell

Piriform lobe function

Detection and discrimination of olfactory stimuli

Purpose of captive bolt placement

Damages frontal lobe and brainstem to cause unconsciousness

Conchofrontal sinus communication

Connects with the caudal maxillary sinus

Caudal maxillary sinus communication

Connects with the nasal cavity

Rostral maxillary sinus communication

Connects with the nasal cavity

Relationship between rostral and caudal maxillary sinuses

Do not directly communicate with each other

Nasogastric tube pathway

Nares → nasal cavity → nasopharynx → pharynx → laryngopharynx → esophagus

Cornual nerve block landmark

Temporal line

Infraorbital nerve block landmark

Infraorbital foramen

Mental nerve block landmark

Mental foramen

Supraorbital nerve block landmark

Supraorbital foramen

Surgical approach to larynx

Through the cricothyroid ligament

Laryngeal hemiplegia appearance

Vocal fold collapses inward into airway

Clinical effect of laryngeal hemiplegia

Airway obstruction and abnormal respiratory noise

Adult tooth shape

More rectangular with a wider base and vertical groove

Deciduous tooth shape

More triangular in appearance

Indicator of male skull

Presence of developed canine teeth

Nasolacrimal duct origin

Begins near the lower medial canthus of the eye

Nasolacrimal duct exit

Opens near the nostril in the nasal canal

Normal nasolacrimal duct contents

Tears and ocular secretions

Nasolacrimal duct contents during conjunctivitis

Thick or purulent discharge

Appearance of plugged nasolacrimal duct

Tear overflow and discharge down the face

Mental nerve block use

Desensitizes the rostral chin/lower mandible

Infraorbital nerve block use

Desensitizes the nose and upper lip region

Cornual nerve block use

Desensitizes the horn area for dehorning

Cornual nerve block location

Midway between lateral canthus and horn

Complication of dehorning older cattle

Opening into the cornual diverticulum/frontal sinus

Ideal age for dehorning calves

Before 4–6 weeks of age