civics 56 test

Farming

The new government (the United States) started out with huge problems. It had inherited a national debt of 52 million from the Confederation - a huge burden for a nation with a \____________ economy and only about 3 million people.

Army

With no navy and an \___________ of only around 400 men, the United States was not respected by other countries.

Washington

Quickly after taking office, \____________________ began setting important precedents, or acts or statements that became traditions to be followed.

Cabinet

One of Washington's most important precedents was the formation of a \_____________, or the group of federal leaders who headed the major departments of the executive branch and advised the president.

Treasury

The four executive departments were the departments of State, \_____________ and War, and the Attorney General.

Hamilton

A true Federalist, \________________ believed that a strong, centralized government was necessary to preserve the Union.

Antifederalists

As Hamilton developed his plans, he faced fierce and vocal opposition from \______________________, who feared that a strong national government would threaten states' rights and people's freedoms.

Bonds

As part of his plan to deal with the national debt, Hamilton opted to fund debt by selling government \_________________, which would pay annual interest to the holders.

Excise

Hamilton proposed new \____________ taxes and high tariffs, or taxes on imported goods, to raise revenue for the federal government.

National Bank

Hamilton also asked Congress to charter a \_________________________________________ that could regulate state banks, and strengthen the national government.

Constitution

Hamilton interpreted the \____________________ broadly, and took up the position of loose construction, or the relying on the "implied powers" of the Constitution.

Madison

Hamilton's critics, including Jefferson and \______________________, adhered to the philosophy of strict construction, or the limiting of the federal government to powers explicitly granted by the Constitution.

Whiskey Rebellion

The \_____________________________________ afforded the new U.S. government its first opportunity to establish federal authority by military means within state boundaries.

Political Parties

The authors of the Constitution wanted to avoid organized \____________________________, or groups of people who sought to win elections and hold public office in order to shape government policy.

Northwest

Hoping to limit American settlement in the \______________________ Territory, the British provided arms and ammunition to the Miami Indians and their allies, who actively resisted American expansion into their lands.

French

In 1789, Americans welcomed news of the \____________ Revolution, an uprising in France. Grateful for French help during the American Revolution, many Americans now saw the French as fellow republicans in a hostile world of aristocrats and kings.

Executing

In 1793, leaders of the French Revolution began \_____________________ thousands of opponents, including the French king and his family. They also declared war on the monarchies of Europe, including Great Britain.

Democratic Republicans

The \_________________________________ regretted the executions but still preferred the French Republic to its monarchist foes.

Federalists

The \_______________________ decided that the French revolutionaries were bloody anarchists out to destroy religion and social order.

Britain

By 1793, Britain and France were at war. Both American political parties agreed that the United States was too weak to participate in the war and too dependent on trade with \________________, which provided nearly 90% of American imports.

Neutrality

In 1793, President Washington issued a proclamation of \_____________________, which became a foundation of American policy toward Europe until the 20th century.

French

The powerful British navy tested the neutrality of the United States by seizing American ships trading with the \___________________ colonies in the West Indies. Those seizures added to American outrage at the British policy along the new nation's western frontier.

Jay Treaty

The \_________________________, resulted in the British giving up their forts on American Soil, but they kept most of their restrictions on American ships. The treaty also required Americans to repay prewar debts to the British.

Pinckney's Treaty

\______________________________ guaranteed Americans free shipping rights on the Mississippi River and access to New Orleans. The treaty also established the northern boundary of Spanish forts.

Washington

\_____________________ recognized that the young nation needed him to set an example by walking away from power, proving that he was no king. His voluntary retirement after two terms set a precedent honored by all Presidents until the 1940s.

1790s

Many historians have concluded that without Washington's skillful leadership, the nation may not have survived the harsh tests of the early \___________.

French

The Jay Treaty of 1794 had offended the \_________________ as a betrayal of their 1778 treaty of alliance with the United States. To show their irritation, in 1796 the French began seizing American merchant ships.

Adams

\_______________ sent envoys to Paris to negotiate peace. But three French officials, known in code as X, Y, and Z, demanded humiliating terms, including $250,000 in bribes.

Federalist

In 1798, the \__________________ majority in Congress expanded the army and authorized a small navy which won some surprising victories over French warships. To pay for the expanded military, Congress imposed unpopular taxes on stamps and land.

1st

The Alien and Sedition Act made it a crime for citizens to publicly criticize the federal government; seemingly a violation of the \_______ amendment.

5th

The Sedition Act did allow jurors to acquit defendants who could prove the literal truth of their statements. But that still puts the burden of proof on the defendants, reversing the tradition of presuming innocent until proven guilty, or the \_______ amendment.

Sedition

By 1800, the \___________________ Act and the new federal taxes had become very unpopular. Sensing that trend, in 1799 Adams had suspended expansion of the army and sent new diplomats to France to seek peace.

Aaron Burr

In the election of 1800, Thomas Jefferson defeated John Adams, but \___________________ and he had the same amount of electoral votes .

House of Representatives

The \___________________________________ had to decide between Thomas Jefferson and Aaron Burr according to the Constitution. After 35 ballots were cast Hamilton convinced members of his party to swing the vote for Jefferson on the 36th.

Peaceful transfer of power

The election of 1800 was historically significant because it was the first \_____________________________________________ from one party to another in the country's history.

12th

The election of 1800 also led to an amendment to the Constitution, the \____________ amendment, which required electors to vote separately for President and Vice President.

Jefferson

The \______________________ administration set out to do things quite differently from their predecessors, who had copied the style of the British monarchy.

Sedition Act

Jefferson encouraged Congress to abandon the \_________________________________, as well as the hated taxes on stamps, land, and alcoholic spirits.

57

Jefferson cut the national debt from $80 million when he took office to \________________ million in 1809.

Foreign Trade

Jefferson benefitted when customs revenue from imports increased with a dramatic growth in \_________________________________.

Democratic Republicans

The \_________________________________ hated the Federalists displays of wealth as an aristocratic threat to the Republic.

John Marshall's

\_________________________________ appointment as Chief Justice of the Supreme Court had a major impact on the Supreme Court and on its relationship with the rest of the federal government.

Broad

John Marshall believed in a \____________ interpretation of the Constitution to find implied powers for the national government.

John Adams

In early 1801, outgoing President \__________ appointed William Marbury, a Federalist, a justice for the District of Columbia. The incoming Secretary of State, James Madison, refused to deliver the official papers of appointment.

Judiciary Act of 1789

When Marbury complained to the Supreme Court, Marshall ruled in favor of Madison by declaring unconstitutional part of the \______________________________________.

Farm

Jefferson insisted that \_________ ownership-which freed citizens from dependence on a landlord or on an employer-was essential to the freedom of Americans.

Doubling

In the early 19th century, at the outset of Jefferson's first administration, it was determined that the population was \_________________ every 25 years, which meant the nation needed twice as much land every generation to maintain farm ownership.

Napoleon Bonaparte

In 1801, France's military dictator, \____________________________________, had forced Spain to give him the Louisiana Territory, including the strategic city of New Orleans. The French threatened to block American access to the market in New Orleans.

Haiti

Napoleon's imperial plans had been foiled by slave rebels in the Caribbean colony of Saint Dominque, which is now \_____________.

Jefferson

\_______________________ had long argued for a minimal federal government, and that the Constitution did not authorize the federal government to buy territory from a foreign country.

Barbary Wars

Jefferson was willing to buy immunity from piracy as Washington and Adams had until the ruler of Tripoli increased his price. In 1801, Jefferson sent the small American navy to blockade the port of Tripoli, winning a favorable peace in 1805, concluding the \_______________________.

59

The value of the 're-export' trade (between France and the United States) soared from about $300,000 in 1790 to nearly \_________ million in 1807, creating a boom for the American economy.

French

The British hated the re-export trade for two reasons. First, it helped the \_________________ economy, which sustained Napoleon's army. Second, the new trade helped the United States become Britain's greatest commercial competitor.

Bankrupted

The embargo, Jefferson persuaded Congress to declare against the British in 1807 \_____________________ American merchants, threw American sailors out of work, and hurt farmers who could no longer export their crops.

Federal Courts

The Judiciary Act of 1789 helped create the federal court system with the creation of 13 \__________________.

Judicial Review

Marbury v Madison was signficant because it granted the Supreme Court the power of \___________________________.