Chapter 24. Urinary System

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inulin

Which of the following substances is used to measure renal clearance?

glucose

urea

inulin

aldosterone

decrease

Increase in urine volume is usually accompanied by ___________ in urine concentration.

decrease

increase

no change

decrease

Increase in urine volume is usually accompanied by ___________ in urine concentration.

Choose the best answer.

decrease

increase

no change

large amount of dilute urine

If there was no medullary gradient, the kidneys would produce:

Choose the best answer.

large amount of dilute urine

small amount of dilute urine

small amount of concentrated urine

large amount of concentrated urine

interlobular (cortical radiate) artery

Where does blood in the arcuate artery travel next on its journey toward the glomerulus?

segmental artery

interlobar artery

renal artery

interlobular (cortical radiate) artery

squamous epithelial cells of the glomerular capsule

Which of the following is NOT part of the filtration membrane?

basal lamina of the glomerulus

endothelial cells of the glomerulus

squamous epithelial cells of the glomerular capsule

filtration slits formed by podocytes

Tubular reabsorption is entirely a passive process.

Which of the following is NOT true about tubular reabsorption?

Tubular reabsorption may involve hormonal control.

Tubular reabsorption occurs via paracellular or transcellular routes.

Tubular reabsorption is entirely a passive process.

Tubular reabsorption moves items from the filtrate into the blood.

A-II promotes thirst.

Which of the following is an effect of angiotensin-II (A-II)?

A-II promotes thirst.

A-II decreases systemic blood pressure.

A-II dilates efferent arterioles.

A-II decreases blood volume.

proximal tubule

Which portion of the renal tubule has a brush border created by the presence of many microvilli?

descending limb of the nephron loop (loop of Henle)

distal tubule

ascending limb of the nephron loop (loop of Henle)

proximal tubule

renal corpuscle and renal tubule

What are the two main subdivisions of the nephron?

renal pyramids and renal columns

renal corpuscle and renal tubule

renal cortex and renal medulla

glomerulus and peritubular capillaries

urine volume will increase

Consuming alcohol inhibits the release of ADH. As a result __________.

urine volume will increase

there will be more aquaporins in the membrane of cells from the distal convoluted tubule

obligatory water reabsorption will decrease

urine is more concentrated

hematopoiesis

What is NOT a major function of the kidneys?

hematopoiesis

removal of metabolic wastes

regulation of acid-base balance

regulation of blood volume and blood pressure

the rate at which the kidneys remove a substance from the blood.

Renal clearance is defined as:

the amount of filtrate formed by both kidneys in one minute.

the rate at which the kidneys remove a substance from the blood.

the amount of filtrate that is reabsorbed during one day.

the percent of blood plasma that passes through the filtration membrane

albumin

What should NOT be found in filtrate?

water

albumin

glucose

electrolytes

tubular secretion

glomerular filtration

tubular reabsorption

Returning fluid and solutes from filtrate to blood happens via __________.

tubular secretion

glomerular filtration

tubular reabsorption

tubular absorption

Aldosterone increases sodium reabsorption by increasing the number of Na+-K+ ATPase pumps in the luminal membrane of the proximal tubule.

Which of the following statements about aldosterone is NOT correct?

Aldosterone is produced in the adrenal cortex.

Aldosterone is stimulated by decreased plasma sodium levels and increased plasma potassium levels.

Aldosterone increases the number of passive sodium channels in the luminal membrane of the distal tubule and collecting duct, thus aiding sodium reabsorption.

Aldosterone increases sodium reabsorption by increasing the number of Na+-K+ ATPase pumps in the luminal membrane of the proximal tubule.

ADH is released by the posterior pituitary gland.

Which of the following statements about ADH (antidiuretic hormone) is correct?

ADH inserts water channels into the luminal membrane of the proximal tubules.

ADH would increase urine volume.

ADH is synthesized by the adrenal gland and works in the kidney.

ADH is released by the posterior pituitary gland.

isotonic - 300 mOsm

What is the osmolarity of the filtrate at the end of the proximal tubule?

hypotonic - 100 mOsm

hypertonic - 600 mOsm

isotonic - 300 mOsm

hypertonic - 1200 mOsm

ADH - low; 100 mOsm (urine)

In overhydration, what would be the levels of ADH (high, normal, or low) and what would be the osmolarity of the urine?

ADH - low; 100 mOsm (urine)

ADH - low; 600 mOsm (urine)

ADH - high; 600 mOsm (urine)

ADH - high; 100 mOsm (urine)

ADH - high; low urine flow rate (0.25 ml/min)

In severe dehydration or blood loss, what would be the levels of ADH and what would be the urine flow rate?

ADH - high; high urine flow rate (16 ml/min)

ADH - high; low urine flow rate (0.25 ml/min)

ADH - low; high urine flow rate (16 ml/min)

ADH - low; low urine flow rate (0.25 ml/min)

It involves carrier-mediated transport.

Which of the following is true about tubular reabsorption?

It always happens via the paracellular route.

It involves carrier-mediated transport.

It moves water and solute from the blood to the filtrate.

It always involves active transport.

ADH increases the permeability of the late distal tubule and cortical collecting ducts to water.

Which statement is TRUE regarding antidiuretic hormone (ADH)?

ADH is secreted in response to low potassium ions in the blood.

ADH increases the permeability of the late distal tubule and cortical collecting ducts to water.

ADH promotes water loss and increases urine output.

ADH causes the kidneys to produce very dilute urine.

7, 8, 5, 2, 6, 1, 4, 3

Place these vessels in the correct order as blood flows into and through the kidney.

1. afferent arteriole

2. arcuate artery

3. efferent arteriole

4. glomerulus

5. interlobar artery

6. interlobular (cortical radiate) artery

7. renal artery

8. segmental artery

7, 8, 2, 5, 6, 3, 4, 1

7, 8, 5, 2, 6, 1, 4, 3

7, 5, 8, 6, 2, 4, 3, 1

7, 8, 6, 2, 5, 1, 5, 3

regulate red blood cell production by the bone marrow.

Erythropoietin is produced by the kidneys to:

conserve or eliminate hydrogen and bicarbonate ions.

regulate removal of metabolic wastes.

regulate blood solute concentration.

regulate red blood cell production by the bone marrow.

Facilitated transport only

Secretion happens via:

Diffusion only

Both passive and active transport

Passive transport only

Facilitated transport only

from filtrate to blood

Reabsorption moves water and solutes:

from urine to filtrate

from blood to filtrate

from filtrate to blood

from filtrate to urine

glucose

If there was no reabsorption in the proximal tubule, which of the following useful substances would be lost in urine:

glucose

hydrogen ions

nitrogenous wastes

drugs

paracellular

Reabsorption in which substances pass between adjacent tubular cells is called:

extracellular

paracellular

intracellular

transcellular

a pH of 3.0.

Each of the following is typical of urine EXCEPT:

yellow color.

translucency.

mild odor.

a pH of 3.0.

aldosterone and antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Which hormones promote facultative water reabsorption?

antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and

atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)

aldosterone and atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)

aldosterone and antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and parathyroid hormone

cortical

The most common type of nephrons, which have a relatively short nephron loop that does NOT extend deep into the medulla, are called __________ nephrons.

juxtaglomerular

cortical

papillary

juxtamedullary

aquaporins

Which of the following enhances obligatory water reabsorption?

ATP

presence of high levels of glucose in the filtrate

aquaporins

presence of aldosterone in the distal tubule

Glomerular hydrostatic pressure (GHP)

Which of the following forces drives filtration?

Choose the best answer.

osmosis

Capsular hydrostatic pressure (CHP)

Glomerular colloid osmotic pressure (GCOP)

Glomerular hydrostatic pressure (GHP)

GHP - (GCOP + CHP)

The Net Filtration Pressure (NFP) is equal to:

Choose the best answer.

GHP + GCOP + CHP

GHP - GCOP

GHP

GHP - (GCOP + CHP)

Glomerular hydrostatic pressure (GHP)

An increase in blood pressure will cause an increase in _______.

Choose the best answer.

Blood hydrostatic pressure (BHP)

Blood colloid osmotic pressure (BCOP)

Glomerular hydrostatic pressure (GHP)

Capsular hydrostatic pressure (CHP)

renal pelvis, renal medulla, renal cortex

What are the three main regions of the kidney?

renal sinus, renal medulla, renal cortex

renal pelvis, renal medulla, renal cortex

renal pelvis, renal sinus, renal fascia

renal sinus, renal pelvis, renal cortex

NFP = 5 mm Hg

Calculate the NFP, if the GHP is 50 mm Hg, the GCOP is 30 mm Hg and the CHP is 15 mm Hg.

NFP = 5 mm Hg

NFP = 10 mm Hg

NFP = 35 mm Hg

NFP = 65 mm Hg

juxtaglomerular cells

Which of the following cells or organs releases renin?

Choose the best answer.

posterior pituitary

podocytes

juxtaglomerular cells

adrenal cortex

constriction of the efferent arteriole

Angiotensin II promotes:

Choose the best answer.

constriction of the afferent arteriole

dilation of the efferent arteriole

constriction of the efferent arteriole

dilation of the vasa recta capillaries

the sympathetic nervous system would be inhibited

Recall that the sympathetic nervous system causes activation of Angiotensin II. With this knowledge, how would the sympathetic nervous system be affected by a treatment for high blood pressure?

Choose the best answer.

a drug that has the same effect as sympathetic stimulation

the sympathetic nervous system would be inhibited

the sympathetic nervous system would be activated

the sympathetic system has no effect on blood pressure, so will not be involved

angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)

What chemical is necessary for the transformation of angiotensin-I (A-I) into active angiotensin-II (A-II)?

angiotensinogen

renin

atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)

angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)

regulation of leukocyte production

Which of the following is NOT one of the functions of the urinary system?

removal of metabolic waste

maintenance of blood pressure

regulation of leukocyte production

regulation of acid-base balance

spleen

Which of the following is NOT part of the urinary system?

urethra

kidney

ureter

spleen

the renal pelvis.

Urine drains from a major calyx into:

the renal tubule.

the renal pelvis.

a minor calyx.

a papilla.

water

The thin descending limb of the nephron loop is permeable to __________.

urea

sodium and chloride ions

water

bicarbonate ions

more urine will be produced

Aldosterone antagonist drugs prevent aldosterone from having an effect at its receptors. As a result __________.

more water will be reabsorbed

more K+ will be secreted

more Na+ will be reabsorbed

more urine will be produced

inferior

The right kidney sits ________ to the left kidney due to the position of the liver.

superior

inferior

medial

posterior

contains rugae

The mucosa of the bladder __________.

contains rugae

is the outermost layer

is composed of simple cuboidal

epithelium

contains the detrusor muscle

afferent arteriole

The arteriole that delivers blood to the glomerulus is the __________.

efferent arteriole

peritubular arteriole

afferent arteriole

interlobular arteriole

Stretch receptors in the wall of the urinary bladder signal the sacral region of the spinal cord.

What initiates the micturition reflex?

The external urethral sphincter relaxes.

Parasympathetic efferent fibers stimulate the contraction of the detrusor muscle.

The internal urethral sphincter relaxes.

Stretch receptors in the wall of the urinary bladder signal the sacral region of the spinal cord.

glomerulus

Filtration happens at the:

Choose the best answer.

proximal tubule

nephron loop

glomerulus

distal tubule

epithelial cells of the glomerular capsule

Which of the following is NOT a component of the filtration membrane?

Choose the best answer.

epithelial cells of the glomerular capsule

basal lamina

fenestrated glomerular capillaries

podocyte filtration slits

albumin

Which of the following solutes are not able to pass through the filtration membrane in a healthy kidney?

Choose the best answer.

albumin

glucose

calcium ions

sodium ions

Tubular reabsorption reclaims items from filtrate and returns them to the blood.

Which statement best describes the function of tubular reabsorption?

Tubular reabsorption removes toxins from the blood that was not filtered.

Tubular reabsorption reclaims items from filtrate and returns them to the blood.

Tubular reabsorption moves blood plasma through the filtration membrane of the glomerular capillaries.

Tubular reabsorption moves items from the peritubular capillary blood into the filtrate.

adipose capsule

What external covering protects the kidney from physical shock?

renal fascia

renal pelvis

adipose capsule

renal capsule

ureter.

Urine is transported from kidney to the urinary bladder by the:

aorta.

inferior vena cava.

urethra.

ureter.

kidneys

Which of the following is NOT a component of the urinary tract?

kidneys

ureters

urethra

urinary bladder

descending limb of the nephron loop (loop of Henle).

Simple squamous epithelium is located in the:

ascending limb of the nephron loop (loop of Henle).

proximal tubule.

distal tubule.

descending limb of the nephron loop (loop of Henle).

constriction of the afferent arteriole

Which of the following will result in a decrease of GFR?

activation of Angiotensin II

increased thirst

constriction of the afferent arteriole

release of ANP

dilation of the afferent arteriole

Which of the following will cause an increase in GHP and GFR?

decrease in blood pressure

dilation of the afferent arteriole

dilation of the efferent arteriole

constriction of the afferent arteriole

the amount of filtrate formed by both kidneys in one minute.

The glomerular filtration rate is defined as:

the amount of filtrate that is reabsorbed during a 24-hour period.

the rate at which the kidneys remove a substance from the blood.

the percent of blood plasma that passes through the filtration membrane.

the amount of filtrate formed by both kidneys in one minute.

compresses the urinary bladder and expels urine

The detrusor muscle __________.

compresses the urinary bladder and expels urine

forms the external urethral sphincter

is located in the renal pelvis

moves urine through the ureters

translucent

Which of the following is a normal property of urine?

contains leukocytes

pH between 7.35 and 7.45

translucent

specific gravity of 1.0

blood cells and large particles

Which of the following substances is not normally found in filtrate?

nitrogenous waste particles, such as urea

blood cells and large particles

ions, such as sodium and potassium

water and small solutes

What is the primary driving force (pressure) that produces glomerular filtration?

hydrostatic pressure of blood (blood pressure)

colloid osmotic pressure of blood

gravity

protein

Which substance would be found in higher concentration if the membrane were damaged?

chloride

protein

creatinine

glucose

net filtration would decrease

If the osmotic pressure in the glomerular capillaries increased from 28 mm Hg to 35 mm Hg, would net filtration increase or decrease?

net filtration would decrease

net filtration would increase

net filtration would not be altered

25 mm Hg

Calculate the net filtration pressure if capillary hydrostatic pressure is 60 mm Hg, capillary osmotic pressure is 25 mm Hg, and capsular hydrostatic pressure is 10 mm Hg.

35 mm Hg

25 mm Hg

50 mm Hg

60 mm Hg

increased NaCl reabsorption in the ascending limb

Increased water reabsorption in the descending limb of the nephron loop will result in __________.

decreased filtrate concentration at the turn of the loop

increased water reabsorption in the ascending limb

decreased NaCl concentration in the filtrate of the ascending limb

increased NaCl reabsorption in the ascending limb