Unit Six: Array

network

computers that are connected to share resources using a data link

internet

network of smaller networks connected using a specific set of rules

IP

internet protocol, the rules of the internet (internet layer)

UDP

user datagram protocol, breaks data into datagrams (transport layer)

ARPA

advanced research projects agency

DARPA

defense advanced research projects agency

ARPANET

a packet-switching network, first network to use TCP/IP protocols

DoD model

department of defense model

Internet protocol suite

application, transport, internet, link

application layer

defines rules for different user application

IMAP

internet message access protocol, used for email (application layer)

POP

post office protocol, used for email (application layer)

SMTP

simple mail transfer protocol (application layer)

VoIP

voice over internet protocol, used for telephony (application layer)

FTP

file transfer protocol, transfers files between client and server (application layer)

SSH

secure shell (application layer)

RDP

remote desktop protocol (application layer)

HTTP(S)

hypertext transfer protocol (secure), provides encrypted connection between browser and website (application layer)

HTML

hypertext markup language, standard language for creating web pages (application layer)

CSS

cascading style sheets (application layer)

server

files stored on a computer (application layer)

client-server model

client sends request to server and server sends requested information back (application layer)

domain name

a name given or linked to an ip address (application layer)

TLD

top level domain, ex: .com (application layer)

IANA

internet assigned numbers authority, manages domain names (application layer)

ICANN

internet corporation for assigned names and numbers (application layer)

URL

uniform resource locator, locates specific files from domain (application layer)

subdomain

any domain part of another domain (application layer)

DNS

domain name system, determines IP address (application layer)

ISP

internet service provider, ex: verizon (application layer)

Root name servers

13 total, contains every single domain name and IP address in the world (application layer)

TCP

transmission control protocol, breaks down request into packets (transport layer)

reliable protocol

lets client know if all packets sent made it to the server

fault-tolerant

even if there is an error, the system can work properly

the internet layer

the IP creates addresses and attaches them to each packet (3rd layer)

IPv4

uses 32-bit addresses, allows for 2^(32) addresses (ex. 43.234.2.752) (internet layer)

IETF

internet engineering task force

MAC address

media access control address, unique physical address (internet layer)

Link layer

manage interface between physically connected nodes on local network (4th layer)

ARP

address resolution protocol (link layer)

RARP

reverse address resolution protocol (link layer)

NDP

neighbor discovery protocol (link layer)

the physical internet

physically transfers binary data from client to server

modem

device that handles both modulation (for outgoing signals) and demodulation (for incoming signals); (physical internet layer)

router

directs internet traffic (physical internet layer)

electricity

one way to send packets, not the fastest or most efficient, can be disturbed by things like lighting

light

fastest way to send packets through infrared light in the form of hair thin, transparent fibers called fiber optic cables

multimode cable

type of fiber optic cable, thicker and can send light at different wavelengths through the same fiber, cause distortions over longer distances

single mode cable

type of fiber optic cable, used for longer distance, thinner and carry just one wavelength or mode

lower frequencies

travel farther since they face less electromagnetic interference and can better pass through objects

bit rate

the number of bits that can be processed per second

bandwidth

the amount of resources available to transmit data

latency

round-trip time information takes to get from client to server and back