anatomy final

brachial plexus acronym

real teataps drink cold beer

synarthrosis joints

no movement within the joint

sutures

synarthrosis. joints found only in skull. bones interlocked through sutural ligaments

synchonodrosis

synarthrosis. cartilaginous joint connecting two bones via hyaline cartilage

amphiarthrosis

slight movement within the joint

syndesmosis

amphiarthroses. ligaments that connect two bones but limit their motion. ex: interosseous membrane between ulan and radius

diarthroses

synovial joint. freely moving

characteristics of synovial joints

joint capsule, articular cartilages, synovial fluid, synovial membrane, accessory structures (cartilage, ligaments, tendons, bursa), sensory nerves and blood vessels

humero-ulnar joint

trochlea and trochlear notch

humeroradial joint

articulation between the humerus and the radius. capitulum and radial head

ulnar collateral ligament

connects the medial epicondyle of the humerus to the ulna

radial collateral ligament

connects the lateral epicondyle of the humerus to the radius

annular ligament

wraps around the radius to secure in place with the ulna

glenohumeral ligament

connects the glenoid cavity and the humerus

coracoclavicular ligament

connects the coracoid process to the clavicle

coraco-acromial ligament

connects the coracoid and acromion processes

subacromial bursa

located below the acromion. provides cushion for joint

sub deltoid bursa

located below the deltoid muscle. provides cushioning

carpometacarpal joint

intercarpal joint

connects one carpal bone to another

radoiocarpal joint

connects radius to proximal carpals

anterior and posterior retinaculum

wraps around the tendons

ulnar collateral ligament (wrist)

radial collateral ligament (wrist)

pivot

rotational motion, monomial, ex: proximal radio-ulnar joint

hinge

angular motion, monomial, ex: elbow

saddle

angular motion, biaxial, ex: first carpometacarpal joint

condylar

angular motion, biaxial, ex: metacarpophalangeal joints 2-5

plane/sliding

slight linear motion, monomial, ex: sternoclavicular joint

ball and socket

angular motion/circumduction/rotation, triaxial, ex: shoulder joint

brachialis

extensor carpi radialis longus

extensor carpi radialis brevis

flexor digitorum profundus

extensor pollicis brevis

extensor pollicis longus

pronator teres

supinator

lumbricals

interossei

between fingers below the lumbricals

extensor indices

transverse adductor pollicis

oblique adductor pollicis

What are the structures of the thoracic cage?

thoracic vertebrae, sternum and costal cartilages, ribs

What are the general functions of the thoracic cage?

protect vital organs of thoracic cavity, support shoulder girdle and upper limb, provides attachment sites of muscles of neck/back/chest/shoulders

true ribs

1-7 attached via hyaline cartilage

false ribs

8-12. not directly attached

floating ribs

11, 12. not attached

What structure of the rib articulates with the transverse costal facet of the vertebrae?

tubercles of rib

Head of rib articulates with what structure?

costal facets

pectoralis major OIA

o-clavicle and sternum, I-greater tubercle, a-flexion/adduction/medial rotation at shoulder

pectoralis minor OIA

o-ribs 3-5, I-coracoid process of scapula, a-protracts and depresses shoulder with ribs fixed pulls scapula forward

serratus anterior OIA

o-ribs 1-9, I-medial border of scapula, a-rotates and protracts scapula

What are the muscles of respiration? accessory structures?

diaphragm and external intercostals and primary respiratory muscles. internal intercostal are acccesory

What structures are included in the lower respiratory system?

larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs, bronchioles, alveoli

Thyroid cartilage is what type of cartilage?

hyaline cartilage

What type of cartilage is the epiglottis composed of?

elastic cartilage

cricothyroid ligament

connects the thyroid cartilage and the cricoid cartilage

What are the true vocal cords? False cords?

vocal folds (the medial) are true, vestibular folds (lateral) are false

What are annular ligaments; What do they connect?

connects rings of tracheal cartilages

W hat type of epithelium would you find in the mucosa of the trachea?

pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

What is the trachealis muscle? Location?

located on the posterior side of the cartilage ring. allows for constriction and dilation of the trachea

Where does the trachea branch in two? What new structures form from the branching of the trachea?

trachea branches at the carina. branching forms the left and right main bronchi

What is the structural difference between the right and left main bronchi?

right main bronchus is steeper and larger than the left

Identify the lobar branches of the right and left main bronchi?

right-superior, middle, inferior. left-superior and inferior

Segmental (Tertiary) bronchi branch into what structures?

branch into the bronchopulmonary segments

How many bronchopulmonary segments does the right lung contain? Left lung?

right lung has 10. left lung has 9

Bronchioles are classified as airways smaller than?

passageways less than 1mm in diameter. end at a terminal bronchiole

Terminal bronchioles are classified as airways smaller than?

less than 0.5mm in diameter. terminate at respiratory bronchioles

Identify the structures of the respiratory zone?

respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs

What are alveoli?

functional site of gas exchange. elastic fibers allow alveoli to stretch and recoil. wrap in capillaries

What structures comprise alveolar wall?

type 1 alveolar cells (simple squamous), type 2 alveolar cells (scattered cuboidal)

What respiratory tissue is targeted by Sars-CoV-2?

any tissue with ACE2 receptor. alveolar cells of lungs

Does the virus alone damage respiratory tissue?

response is ARDS (acute respiratory distress syndrome) which leads to a cytokine storm (build up of fluid)

What is the inflammatory response created by Sara-CoV-2 called?  

Identify the lobes and fissures of the right and left lungs?

right lung= superior, middle, inferior, horizontal and oblique fissure. left=superior and inferior lobe, oblique fissure, cardiac notch

What is the hilum of the lungs?

groove on the mediastinal surface of lungs. site of entry for main bronchi, pulmonary arteries and veins, nerves

Identify the pleural membranes

What are the three pulmonary circuits?

pulmonary, systematic, and coronary

What is the definition of an artery and a vein?

arteries carry blood away from heart and have thicker muscle for vasodilation. he tunica intima (inner layer), tunica media (middle layer), and tunica externa (outer layer)

How does blood flow through the heart?

right atrium → right ventricle → lungs → left atrium → left ventricle → body

Which ventricular wall has a thick myocardium?

left, to pump blood all throughout body

What is the cardiac skeleton?

Identify the structures of the conduction system of the heart?

sa node, av node, fiber system (av bundle, left and right bundle branches, purkinje fibers)

Describe the basic process of heart development? What does the sinus venosus become?

heart is derived from mesoderm, begins as two chambers that fuse to form single actively pumping chamber, 4 chambered heart. sinus venous starts off at bottom then gives rise to right atrium, coronary sinus, and sa node

What is the function of the ductus arteriosus and foramen ovale in the fetal heart?

bypass pulmonary circulation because the fetus does not need oxygen in womb

Rectus abdominis

External Obliques

Internal Obliques

Transversus Abdominus

Visceral and Parietal peritoneum

visceral=membrane on outside of digestive organs. parietal=membrane on inside of body wall

peritoneal cavity

fluid filled space between peritoneums. fluid lubricates mobile organs

what does retroperitoneal mean

outside of the peritoneal cavity

what is the mesentery

double layer of peritoneum. extends from body wall to digestive organs, provides routes for blood vessels/lymph/nerves, hold organs in place

identify the greater omentum and lesser omentum

greater omentum is off of greater curvature of stomach. lesser omentum is from lesser curve of the stomach to the liver and the duodenum

esophagus

stomach

small intestine

large intestine

liver