Exam 4 vocal

term. Cancer

def. a group of diseases characterized by uncontrolled growth & spread of abnormal cells

term. Oncology

def. the study of tumors

term. Neoplasm

def. new growth; i.e. cancer

How many new cases of cancer are there per year?

1.35M / year

(Excluding skin cancers)

How many cases of skin cancer / year?

1M

How many cancer deaths/ year?

555K / year

1 out of every ___ deaths in the US is from cancer

5

When lung cancer deaths are excluded, cancer mortality has declined by ___% in the last 40 years

15

Ratio of people that will develop cancer in their lifetime

1/3

Ratio of people that are diagnosed with cancer that die from their disease

less than 1/2

In the 1930s, ___% of patients survived cancer

20

With early detection _% of patients could survive cancer

90

term. Relative Risk

def. a measure of the strength of the relationship between risk factors and a particular cancer

Describe relative risk in your own words & give an example

It compares the risk of developing a cancer in persons with a certain trait/ exposure vs. persons who don’t have this trait/ exposure

e.g. people who smoke are 10x more likely to develop lung cancer

ACS stands for

American Cancer Society

NCI stats: Cancer care is ~___% of all healthcare costs

5%

term. Epidemiology

def. the study of the demographics of disease

def. the study of the distribution of and determinants of disease and injuries in human populations

term. epidemiology

term. Etiology

def. the study of the cause of disease

What causes cancer initiation

term. Oncogenes

def. cancer causing genes

The average adult has ____cancer cells in the body at any given time

1M

term. Proto-oncogenes

def. genes that are responsible for controlling cellular proliferation

anti-oncogenes aka

1. tumor suppressor genes

2. anti-neogenes

term. Prognosis

def. the probable outcome of disease

term. Carcinogen

def. a cancer causing agent

term. carcinogenesis

def. cancer formation/ production

List the 3 stage theory of cancer causation (carcinogenesis)

1. first stage: Initiation

2. second stage: promotion

3. third stage: progression

the subsequent carcinogens that are introduced during the promotion phase are called a

promoting agent aka co-factor

def. genes that promote cell growth and mitosis

term. proto-oncogenes

def. genes that discourage cell growth or temporarily halt cell division to carry out DNA repair

term. tumor suppressor genes

term. epigenetic carcinogen

def. a carcinogen that does not itself damage DNA, but causes alterations that predispose to cancer

term. latent period

def. the time between exposure (to carcinogen) and active disease developing (diagnosis)

def. cancers that are not inheritable and require multiple outside factors to manifest

sporadic cancers

def. cancers that are familial, and can show up with families that share a common environment or genetic abnormality

inherited cancers

How many cancer deaths per year are due to smoking

170K/ year

cig, fingers, mouth

How many overall deaths per year are due to smoking

420K/ year

(i.e. including cancer and other diseases)

FYI; 420 blaze it

Percentage of American men that smoked in:

1. 1950s

2. 1995

1. 64%

2. 28%

California prop 99 added a ___ tax per pack of cigarettes sold and used the revenue to fund anti-tobacco education programs

$0.25

California proposition 99 reduced smoking by ___%

25

Due to California prop 99, by 1992, there were roughly ___ fewer Californian smokers

1M

Tobacco use is responsible for 1in ___ deaths in the US

5

Smoking causes ___ deaths/ year

420K

Smoking causes ___deaths/day

3K

Smokers lose on average __ years of life

15

1 in __ smokers die from a smoking related illness

3

(3 smokers you know one of them will die)

Smoking accounts for __% of all cancer deaths

30

__% of US adults smoke every day

20

__% of adults who smoke started smoking by the age of 18

70

The average age for a person to begin smoking

12

1/__ of high school students are regular smokers

4 (i.e. a quarter)

Nearly ___% of lung cancers are due to smoking

90

After a person stops smoking and is smoke free for ____ years, the risk of lung cancer equals that of a non-smoker

10-15

How many chemical compounds are in a cigarette

4K

How many carcinogenic chemical compounds are there in a cigarette?

43

Smoking costs an estimated ____ dollars/ year in healthcare costs and loss of productivity

68B (almost 69)

A smoking worker costs their employer an estimated __ dollars/ year in loss of productivity

9K

ETS stands for

Environmental Tobacco Smoke (i.e. second hand smoking)

ETS results in approx. ___ lung cancer deaths/year, and ___ deaths overall (___ children)

3k

35-40K

6K

ETS increases the risk of dying from lung cancer by ____%

30

____% of cancer deaths are directly related to alcohol consumption

5

How many deaths per year happen from alcohol related cancers

19K

1/x of all cancers have an etiology based in diet

3

How many cases of cancer have an etiology based in diet. Cases/ year

400K

How many cases of cancer deaths have an etiology based in diet. Cases/ year

180K

How much do cancer cases due to diet cost per/year

$35B

An estimated __% of all deaths from all causes could be saved by changing dietary habits

9

PAHs stand for

polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons

HCAs stand for

heterocyclic amines

% of men and women in the US that are overweight

25

(quarter pounder americans)

$___is spent annually by Americans in weight loss programs

30B

RDAs for fruits and veggies

5-9 servings

Dietary fat should be no more than __% of your calorie intake

30%

The food industry spends ___x as much as the tobacco industry in advertising

Twice

6 stages of behavioral change in individuals

1. Precontemplation

2. Contemplation

3. Preparation

4. Action

5. Maintenance

6. Termination

6 stages of behavioral change in individuals. What stage is this?

One is not yet considering a behavior change

Precontemplation

6 stages of behavioral change in individuals. What stage is this?

One begins to perceive a change is necessary

Contemplation

6 stages of behavioral change in individuals. What stage is this?

One considers cost/benefit of change

Preparation

6 stages of behavioral change in individuals. What stage is this?

one seeks out resources to effect the desired change

Action

6 stages of behavioral change in individuals. What stage is this?

The person attempts to permanently establish a new behavior

Maintenance

6 stages of behavioral change in individuals. What stage is this?

The stage of zero temptation to engage in old behavior

Termination

Fraction of US cities drinking water supplies that do not meet federal clean water guidelines

2/3

term. Sign

def. an objective finding as perceived by an examiner (e.g. rash, mass)

term. Symptom

def. a subjective indication of disease or change in condition as perceived by the patient (e.g. pain)

term. Screening

def. checking for disease in asymptomatic populations

def. refers to a health promotion and risk reduction. The promotion of a healthy lifestyle.

term. Primary Prevention

def. screening and detection to identify & treat cancer cases while they are still at an early stage

term. Secondary Prevention

def. the treatment of cancer to avoid clinical complications and recurrence, to promote faster rehabilitation and to limit disability. Also follow-ups.

term. Tertiary Prevention

Describe the following in a few words:

1. Primary Prevention

2. Secondary Prevention

3. Tertiary Prevention

1. Primary Prevention: promoting a healthy lifestyle

2. Secondary Prevention: screening and detection to catch & treat cancers early on

3. Tertiary Prevention: treatment of cancer + followups

term. Diagnosis

def. Determining the disease or disorder

def. an abnormal increase in the number of cells in a tissue (not cancerous but may lead to cancer)

term. hyperplasia

def. a reversible process of one adult cell type replacing another cell type. It is not cancerous but may precede cancer

term. Metaplasia

def. Abnormal changes of cell size, shape and organization, not cancerous but may precede cancer.

def. Dysplasia

def. Cellular disorganization, characterized by possible malignant alterations

term. anaplasia

An example of this pre-cancerous condition would be squamous cells replacing columnar cells of the cervix

metaplasia

term. Staging

def. Determining the EXTENT of disease

UICC stand for

International Union Against Cancer

The two staging systems that dominate (AJCC & UICC) both use the principles of?

TNM

POG stand for

Pediatric Oncology Group

FIGO stand for

International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics