Vet Tech Anatomy Tissues II

What type of gland does not have ducts or tubules and the secretions are distributed throughout the body?

Endocrine

With this type of exocrine gland; the entire cell is destroyed when the secretory product is released.

Holocrine

There are three different types of connective tissue fibers.  This type of fiber is strong and thick and found in tendons and ligaments.

Collagenous

This type of adipose tissue is found in newborn animals and animals that hibernate. It plays an important role in temperature regulation because it can produce heat.

Brown Adipose Tissue

Blood is classified as connective tissue

True

Glands

Cells or a group of cells that manufacture and discharge a secretion

Exocrine Glands

-Possess duct

• exception: goblet cell

-discharge secretions directly into local areas

-unicellular or multicellular

Examples: Hepatoid, musk, sweat, salivary, liver

Endocrine Glands

-Have no ducts or tubules

-produce and secrete hormones into the bloodstream

Examples: pituitary and adrenal glands

The pancreas produces both endocrine and exocrine glands

True

Unicellular Exocrine gland

-the only example is the goblet cell

• composed of modified columnar epithelia

• secretes mucin

-Found among columnar cells of the respiratory and digestive tracts, and conjuctiva of eye

Multicelluar exocrine glands

-composed of a secretory unit and a duct

-secretory unit

• usually surrounded by connective tissue rich in blood vessels and nerve fibers

• may be surrounded by myoepithelial cells

-rate of secretion production

• controlled by hormones and nervous influences

Glands Classification

• presense of absense of ducts

• number of cells that compose them

• shape of secreting ducts

• comoplexity of glandular structure

• type of secretion produced

• manner in which secretion is stored and discharged

Exocrine Glands- ways the products are secreted

Merocrine

• secretory cells remain intact

• secretions packaged and released via exocytosis as they are manufactured

• examples: pancreas, salivary glands

Exocrine Glands- ways the products are secreted

Apocrine

• glands store their secretions

• top part of cell is released into the duct system

• mammary tissue, earwax, sweat

Exocrine Glands- ways the products are secreted

Holocrine

• glands store their secretions

• The entire cell is destroyed in the act of releasing its product

• sebaceous glands

Exocrine Type of secretion: Serous

• watery

• high concentration of enzymes

• example: sweat

Exocrine Type of secretion: Mucous

• thick, viscous

• composed of glycoproteins

• example: boogies

When classifying exocrine glands, which type of cell stores secretions and releases their material by releasing the top part of the cell?

Apocrine

Functions of Connective Tissue

• metabolic and structural connections between other tissues

• protective sheath around organs

• insulation for the body

• reserve for energy

• A framework to support the body

• transporting substances from one region of the body to another

• role in the healing process and in control of invading microorganisms

General characteristics of connective tissue

-most abundant tissue by weight

-vascularized

-three distinct components

• ground substance

• extracellular fibers

• cells

-examples: blood, tendons, fat, cartilage, bone

Extracellular matrix- primary component

-ground substance

-extracellular fibers

Three extracellular fibers

-collagenous

-reticular

-elastic

Extracillular Fiber- collagenous

-strong, thick strands of protein collagen

-organized into bundles

-surround organs, tendons, and ligaments

-also known as “white fibers”

Extracillular Fiber- Reticular

-thin, delicate, branched networks of collagen

-provide support for highly cellular organs

• endocrine glands, lymph nodes, spleen, bone marrow, liver

-also found around nerves, blood vessels, muscle fibers, and capillaries

Extracillular Fiber- Elastic

-composed primarily of protein elastin

-branched to form complex networks

• coiled microfibrils

-occur in tissues subjected to stretching

-vocal cords, lungs, skin, walls of blood vessels

-also known as “yellow fibers”

Fixed cell

-remains in connective tissue

-involved in the production and maintenance of the matrix

-Each type of connective tissue contains a predominant fibroblast

examples: chondroblast, osteoblast, adipocyte, reticular cell

Transient cell

-passes in and out of connective tissue=diapedesis

-involved in repair and protection of tissue

example: leukocytes

Which cell(s) produce the substances for the extracellular matric in connective tissue?

chondroblast, osteoblast, adipocyte, reticular cell

Connective tissue Proper

all connective tissue exept bone, cartilage, and blood

-loose connective tissue

dense connective tissue

Loose Connective Tissue

-arealor

-adipose

-reticular

Dense Connective Tissue

-dense regular

-dense irregular

-elastic

Areolar Tissue

-loose connective tissue

-most common tissue

-found everywhere in the body

-tangle of random fibers and cels suspended in thick ground substance

-provides nutrients

-connects skin to muscle

present in all mucous membranes

Adipose Tissue - Fat

-Loose connective tissue

-located throughout body

-highly vascular

-2 main types- brown and white adipose

White Adipose

typical fat

found throughout the body of adult animals

Brown Adipose

specialized fat

-found in newborns and animals that hibernate

-can produce heat to aid in thermoregulation

Reticular Tissue

-loose connective tissue

-thin, loosely arranged reticular fibers and fibroblasts surrounded in ground substance

-forms framework for organs- stroma

• spleen, lymph nodes, bone marrow

Dense Fibrous Connective Tissue

-dense regular

-dense irregular

-elastic

Dense regular CT

-tightly packed parralell collagen fibers

-reltively avascular

-high tensile strength- only in one direction

-tocation: tendons and ligaments, layer of fascia

Dense Irregular Connective Tissue

-thicker bundles of collagen than in dense, regular

-fibers interwoven into a single sheet

-locations: dermis of skin, fibrous covering of organs (kidneys, testes, liver,spleen), tough capsule of joints

Elastic connective tissue

-composed primarily of elastic fibers

-parallel or interwoven pattern with fibrillar proteins and collagen

-location: spaces between vertebrae, places that require stretching (wall of arteries, stomach, bronchi, bladder, heart)

Specialzed Connective Tissue (Not Proper)

Cartilage, bone, blood

Hyaline Cartilage

-most common cartilage

-most rigid cartilage

locations: tracheal rings, articular cartilage, growth plates of long bones

Elastic Cartilage

-contains many elastic fibers in dense, branching bundles

-flexible

-locations: epiglottis of the larynx, external ears of animals

Fibrocartilage

-usually found merged with hyaline cartilage and dense connective tissue

-designed to take compression

-locations: between vertebrae of spine, between bones of pelvis, knee joint

Bone is the most rigid connective tissue and does not contain a blood supply

False: bone is the most rigid, but is highly vascularized

Elastic cartilage can be found in the:

larynx, ears