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Bones
-provides structure and support
-give shape to the body parts
-protects soft body structures
-functions in body movement
-attachment points for muscles
-stores calcium
Hematopoiesis
blood cells created in red bone marrow
How many bones are in the human body?
206 bones ( over 300 at birth that fuse together)
Axial skeleton includes
80 bones, skull, vertebrae, ribs
Appendicular Skeleton
126 bones that make up the arms, legs, pelvic girdle
Ligaments
attached bone to bone for joint stability
Long bones
bones that are longer than they are wide
How many cavities do long bones have?
3 cavities
Epiphysis (long bone)
the end part of a long bone
Diaphysis (long bone)
the shaft or central part of a long bone.
Medullary (long bone)
hollow part that contains bone marroy
Long bone examples include...
femur, humerus, tibia, fibula, ulna, radius
Spongy Bone
inside of bone that allows us to be able to take on impact, keeps bone intact, and prevents breakage (jumping, falling)
Compact Bone
Hard, dense bone tissue that is beneath the outer membrane of a bone
Short Bones
-typically small and round
-found in the worst and ankles
-carpals, tarsals
Flat Bones
-surface area is flat or curved
-found in the skull, sternum and ribs
Irregular Bones
-shape related to function
-vertebrae, pelvis
How many bone types are in the skull?
2 bone types
Cranial Bones
skull bones: ethmoid, frontal, occipital, parietal, sphenoid, and temporal
Facial Bones
mandible: lower jaw (chewing)
maxilla: upper jaw
zygomatic: cheekbone
Temporal mandibular joint (TMJ)
the location where the mandible of the jaw attaches to the temporal bone of the skull
Spinal Coulumn (top to bottom)
cervical vertebrae: neck
thoracic vertebrae: chest
lumbar vertebrae: lower back
sacrum: base of the spinal column
coccyx: tailbone
Spinal discs
-located between vertebra
-helps with structure and movement working with the muscular system (voluntary or involuntary)
Rib cage Bones
sternum (breastplate), ribs (attached to the sternum)
Shoulder Bones
clavicles (collar bones), scapulae (shoulder blades)
Arm Bones
humerus, radius, ulna
Hand Bones
carpals (wrist), metacarpals, phalanges
Leg Bones
femur, patella, tibia, fibula
Hip and Pelvis Bones
ilium, ischium, pubis, sacrum, coccyx
Foot Bones
tarsals, metatarsals, phalanges
Muscles
-responsible for movement
-voluntary (walking)
-involuntary (digestion)
Heart is a muscle
-good exercise for heart is walking
-skeleton and muscles work together to provide posture, movement, and other body functions
How many muscles are in the human body?
600
Skeletal Muscle
responsible for body movement, striated (voluntary)
Striated Muscle
-muscle connected to bones; voluntary or skeletal muscle
Smooth Muscle
-found within the walls of hollow organs (intestines), blood vessels, and iris of the eyes (involuntary)
Peristalsis
involuntary waves of muscle contraction that keep food moving along in one direction through the digestive system
Cardiac Muscle
-found only in the heart, helps to pump blood (involuntary)
Tendon
-located at the ends of skeletal muscle, attach muscles to bone
Deltoid Muscle
located on the shoulder, is shaped like an inverted triangle
Pectoralis Muscle
a large muscle in the upper chest, fanning across the chest from the shoulder to the breastbone
Bicep Muscle
primary muscle in the front of the upper arm; raises the forearm, bends the elbow and turns the palm of the hand down
Abdominals Muscle
stomach muscles
Tibialis Anterior Muscle
-function: dorsiflexes ankle
-insertion: metatarsals(Foot)
-origin: tibia
Quadricep Muscle
muscle at the front of the thigh
Tricep Muscle
large muscle that covers the entire back of the upper arm and extends the forearm
Latissimus Dorsi Muscle
-function: Extends and helps adduct upper arm
-insertion: Humerus
-origin: Vertebrae and illium
Gluteal Muscle
extends and abducts the hip joint (moves leg backward)
-gluteus maximus, gluteus medius, gluteus minimus
Hamstring Muscle
located in the posterior part of the high, responsible for flexing the leg on the thigh (kneeling), also extend the thigh, originate from the ischium and insert on the fibula and tibia
Gastrocnemius Muscle
-function: plantar flexes ankle
-insertion: calcaneus (heel)
-origin: femur
Dorsiflextion
bends the foot upward at the ankle; toes up
Plantar flexion
bends the foot downward at the ankle; pointing toes
Hyperextension
bending a joint up
Extension
straightening of a joint
Flexion
bending a joint down
Adduction
movement toward the midline
Abduction
movement away from the midline of the body (abduction, taken away)
Arthritis
inflammation of a joint
Atrophy
muscles shrink due to lack of nervous stimulation or use of
Sprain
-painful swelling or bruising of a joint area with decreased mobility
-joint is pushed outside of its normal range of motion, leading to joint and ligament damage
Myopathy
-muscle weakness, cramps, stiffness, spasms, and tetany
-can result from many different disease processes
Muscular Dystrophy
group of hereditary diseases characterized by degeneration of muscle and weakness
Myalgia
-muscle pain
-several causes; traumatic injury, viral infection, overuse or overstretching of muscle group
Fibromyalgia
chronic condition with widespread aching and pain in the muscles and fibrous soft tissue
Repetitive Stress Disorder (RSD)
-pain, tingling, numbness, swelling. Redness, loss of flexibility and muscle weakness
-cause; repetitive tasks, forceful exertions, vibrations, mechanical compression and sustained uncomfortable positions
Shin Splint
-pain and swelling in lower leg
-cause; repeated stress of the tibia and connective tissues
Osteoarthritis (OA)
-"wear & tear"
-degenerative joint disease (DJD)
-joint stiffness and pain
Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA)
-autoimmune
-chronic systemic inflammatory disease
-visible joint deformity
Autoimmune
the immune system's attack on the body
Bursitis
joint pain and swelling
Ewing Sarcoma
type of tumor that forms in bone or soft tissue, ages 10-20 years
Gout
-arthritis due to uric acid crystals in joints
-"the rich man's disease" (has an association to cheese, wine and red meat)
-happens within the foot joint and the big toe
-redness, swelling
Osteogensis
brittle bone disease, hereditary
Osteoporosis
disease of the elderly, causes fractures of the spine, loss of height
Osteosarcoma
bone cancer that usually develops in the cells (osteoblasts) that form bone, most often in children, adolescents, and young girls adults
Paget's disease
a bone disease of unknown cause characterized by the excessive breakdown of bone tissue, followed by abnormal bone formation
Kyphosis
hunchback, exaggerated thoracic curvature
Lordosis
swayback, increased lumbar curvature
Scoliosis
an abnormal s-shaped curvature of the spine
Tendonitis
sports related, pain in joints, inflammation of the tendons
Myashthenia Gravis (MG)
-autoimmune disorder (antibodies destroy the communication between nerves and muscles
-double vision, muscle weakness, difficulty chewing and breathing
Tetanus (lockjaw)
-muscle spasms in jaw and neck
-caused by the toxin (clostridium tetani)
-can cause death
Ankyl/o
stiff, bent
Arthr/o
joint
Burs/o
small, fluid-filled sac located near joints
Calc/o
lime, calcium
Carp/o
wrist
Cervic/o
neck
Chondr/o
cartilage
Clavicul/o
collarbone
Coccyg/o
coccyx (tailbone)
Cost/o
rib
Crani/o
skull
Femor/o
femur, thigh
Fibul/o
fibula (one of the two bones in the lower leg)
Humer/o
humerus (upper arm bone)
Ili/o
ilium (one of the three bones that make up the hip bone of pelvis)
Ischi/o
ischium (one of the three bones that make up the hip bone or pelvis)
Lumb/o
lumbar region of the spine (lower back)
Metacarp/o
metacarpal bones (the five long bones in the hand)