(CCMA) Skeletal & Muscular System

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146 Terms

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Bones

-provides structure and support

-give shape to the body parts

-protects soft body structures

-functions in body movement

-attachment points for muscles

-stores calcium

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Hematopoiesis

blood cells created in red bone marrow

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How many bones are in the human body?

206 bones ( over 300 at birth that fuse together)

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Axial skeleton includes

80 bones, skull, vertebrae, ribs

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Appendicular Skeleton

126 bones that make up the arms, legs, pelvic girdle

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Ligaments

attached bone to bone for joint stability

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Long bones

bones that are longer than they are wide

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How many cavities do long bones have?

3 cavities

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Epiphysis (long bone)

the end part of a long bone

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Diaphysis (long bone)

the shaft or central part of a long bone.

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Medullary (long bone)

hollow part that contains bone marroy

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Long bone examples include...

femur, humerus, tibia, fibula, ulna, radius

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Spongy Bone

inside of bone that allows us to be able to take on impact, keeps bone intact, and prevents breakage (jumping, falling)

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Compact Bone

Hard, dense bone tissue that is beneath the outer membrane of a bone

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Short Bones

-typically small and round

-found in the worst and ankles

-carpals, tarsals

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Flat Bones

-surface area is flat or curved

-found in the skull, sternum and ribs

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Irregular Bones

-shape related to function

-vertebrae, pelvis

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How many bone types are in the skull?

2 bone types

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Cranial Bones

skull bones: ethmoid, frontal, occipital, parietal, sphenoid, and temporal

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Facial Bones

mandible: lower jaw (chewing)

maxilla: upper jaw

zygomatic: cheekbone

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Temporal mandibular joint (TMJ)

the location where the mandible of the jaw attaches to the temporal bone of the skull

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Spinal Coulumn (top to bottom)

cervical vertebrae: neck

thoracic vertebrae: chest

lumbar vertebrae: lower back

sacrum: base of the spinal column

coccyx: tailbone

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Spinal discs

-located between vertebra

-helps with structure and movement working with the muscular system (voluntary or involuntary)

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Rib cage Bones

sternum (breastplate), ribs (attached to the sternum)

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Shoulder Bones

clavicles (collar bones), scapulae (shoulder blades)

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Arm Bones

humerus, radius, ulna

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Hand Bones

carpals (wrist), metacarpals, phalanges

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Leg Bones

femur, patella, tibia, fibula

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Hip and Pelvis Bones

ilium, ischium, pubis, sacrum, coccyx

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Foot Bones

tarsals, metatarsals, phalanges

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Muscles

-responsible for movement

-voluntary (walking)

-involuntary (digestion)

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Heart is a muscle

-good exercise for heart is walking

-skeleton and muscles work together to provide posture, movement, and other body functions

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How many muscles are in the human body?

600

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Skeletal Muscle

responsible for body movement, striated (voluntary)

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Striated Muscle

-muscle connected to bones; voluntary or skeletal muscle

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Smooth Muscle

-found within the walls of hollow organs (intestines), blood vessels, and iris of the eyes (involuntary)

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Peristalsis

involuntary waves of muscle contraction that keep food moving along in one direction through the digestive system

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Cardiac Muscle

-found only in the heart, helps to pump blood (involuntary)

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Tendon

-located at the ends of skeletal muscle, attach muscles to bone

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Deltoid Muscle

located on the shoulder, is shaped like an inverted triangle

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Pectoralis Muscle

a large muscle in the upper chest, fanning across the chest from the shoulder to the breastbone

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Bicep Muscle

primary muscle in the front of the upper arm; raises the forearm, bends the elbow and turns the palm of the hand down

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Abdominals Muscle

stomach muscles

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Tibialis Anterior Muscle

-function: dorsiflexes ankle

-insertion: metatarsals(Foot)

-origin: tibia

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Quadricep Muscle

muscle at the front of the thigh

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Tricep Muscle

large muscle that covers the entire back of the upper arm and extends the forearm

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Latissimus Dorsi Muscle

-function: Extends and helps adduct upper arm

-insertion: Humerus

-origin: Vertebrae and illium

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Gluteal Muscle

extends and abducts the hip joint (moves leg backward)

-gluteus maximus, gluteus medius, gluteus minimus

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Hamstring Muscle

located in the posterior part of the high, responsible for flexing the leg on the thigh (kneeling), also extend the thigh, originate from the ischium and insert on the fibula and tibia

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Gastrocnemius Muscle

-function: plantar flexes ankle

-insertion: calcaneus (heel)

-origin: femur

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Dorsiflextion

bends the foot upward at the ankle; toes up

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Plantar flexion

bends the foot downward at the ankle; pointing toes

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Hyperextension

bending a joint up

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Extension

straightening of a joint

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Flexion

bending a joint down

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Adduction

movement toward the midline

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Abduction

movement away from the midline of the body (abduction, taken away)

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Arthritis

inflammation of a joint

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Atrophy

muscles shrink due to lack of nervous stimulation or use of

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Sprain

-painful swelling or bruising of a joint area with decreased mobility

-joint is pushed outside of its normal range of motion, leading to joint and ligament damage

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Myopathy

-muscle weakness, cramps, stiffness, spasms, and tetany

-can result from many different disease processes

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Muscular Dystrophy

group of hereditary diseases characterized by degeneration of muscle and weakness

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Myalgia

-muscle pain

-several causes; traumatic injury, viral infection, overuse or overstretching of muscle group

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Fibromyalgia

chronic condition with widespread aching and pain in the muscles and fibrous soft tissue

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Repetitive Stress Disorder (RSD)

-pain, tingling, numbness, swelling. Redness, loss of flexibility and muscle weakness

-cause; repetitive tasks, forceful exertions, vibrations, mechanical compression and sustained uncomfortable positions

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Shin Splint

-pain and swelling in lower leg

-cause; repeated stress of the tibia and connective tissues

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Osteoarthritis (OA)

-"wear & tear"

-degenerative joint disease (DJD)

-joint stiffness and pain

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Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA)

-autoimmune

-chronic systemic inflammatory disease

-visible joint deformity

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Autoimmune

the immune system's attack on the body

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Bursitis

joint pain and swelling

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Ewing Sarcoma

type of tumor that forms in bone or soft tissue, ages 10-20 years

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Gout

-arthritis due to uric acid crystals in joints

-"the rich man's disease" (has an association to cheese, wine and red meat)

-happens within the foot joint and the big toe

-redness, swelling

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Osteogensis

brittle bone disease, hereditary

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Osteoporosis

disease of the elderly, causes fractures of the spine, loss of height

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Osteosarcoma

bone cancer that usually develops in the cells (osteoblasts) that form bone, most often in children, adolescents, and young girls adults

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Paget's disease

a bone disease of unknown cause characterized by the excessive breakdown of bone tissue, followed by abnormal bone formation

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Kyphosis

hunchback, exaggerated thoracic curvature

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Lordosis

swayback, increased lumbar curvature

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Scoliosis

an abnormal s-shaped curvature of the spine

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Tendonitis

sports related, pain in joints, inflammation of the tendons

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Myashthenia Gravis (MG)

-autoimmune disorder (antibodies destroy the communication between nerves and muscles

-double vision, muscle weakness, difficulty chewing and breathing

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Tetanus (lockjaw)

-muscle spasms in jaw and neck

-caused by the toxin (clostridium tetani)

-can cause death

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Ankyl/o

stiff, bent

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Arthr/o

joint

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Burs/o

small, fluid-filled sac located near joints

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Calc/o

lime, calcium

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Carp/o

wrist

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Cervic/o

neck

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Chondr/o

cartilage

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Clavicul/o

collarbone

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Coccyg/o

coccyx (tailbone)

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Cost/o

rib

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Crani/o

skull

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Femor/o

femur, thigh

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Fibul/o

fibula (one of the two bones in the lower leg)

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Humer/o

humerus (upper arm bone)

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Ili/o

ilium (one of the three bones that make up the hip bone of pelvis)

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Ischi/o

ischium (one of the three bones that make up the hip bone or pelvis)

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Lumb/o

lumbar region of the spine (lower back)

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Metacarp/o

metacarpal bones (the five long bones in the hand)