ANPH 209 - Module 2

Vocabulary flashcards covering the major tissue types, epithelial structures, connective tissue components, muscle and nerve tissues, and tissue repair topics from the lecture notes.

Tissues

Groups of cells and extracellular matrix that work together to perform a common function; the four basic tissue types are epithelial, connective, muscular, and nervous.

Epithelial tissue

Tissue that covers body surfaces and lines hollow organs, cavities, and ducts; forms glands; avascular but nourished by underlying tissues.

Covering and lining epithelium

Epithelium that forms the outer covering of skin and lines internal surfaces; involved in protection, secretion, absorption, and filtration.

Glandular epithelium

Epithelium composed of cells that secrete substances; forms the secretory parts of glands.

Endocrine glands

Glands that secrete hormones directly into the interstitial fluid and bloodstream without ducts.

Exocrine glands

Glands that release secretions through ducts to a body surface or into a body cavity.

Unicellular exocrine glands

Single-cell glands, such as goblet cells, that secrete mucus directly onto surfaces.

Multicellular exocrine glands

Glands composed of many cells that release secretions through ducts; can be simple or compound and tubular or alveolar.

Goblet cell

Unicellular gland that secretes mucus to protect and lubricate surfaces.

Simple squamous epithelium

One cell layer of flat cells; enables rapid diffusion and filtration; lines air sacs, vessels, and serous membranes.

Stratified squamous epithelium

Two or more cell layers; protects against abrasion; found in skin, esophagus, mouth, and vagina.

Simple cuboidal epithelium

One layer of cube-shaped cells; secretion and absorption; found in kidneys and glands.

Simple columnar epithelium

One layer of tall column-shaped cells; absorption and secretion; may have microvilli and goblet cells.

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium

Epithelium that appears multi-layered but is a single layer; often ciliated, involved in protection and secretion.

Stratified columnar epithelium

Two or more cell layers; protects and secretes; rare, found in certain ducts and segments of the urethra.

Transitional epithelium

Stratified epithelium that lines the bladder and ureters; allows stretching.

Apical surface

The free/topmost surface of epithelial cells facing the body surface, a lumen, or duct.

Basal surface

The bottom surface of epithelial cells that attaches to the basement membrane.

Epithelial cell surface features

Apical, lateral, and basal surfaces with specialized features like microvilli and cilia.

Endothelium

Simple squamous epithelium that lines heart and blood vessels.

Mesothelium

Simple squamous epithelium that lines serous membranes like pericardium and pleura.

Cell junctions

Connections between adjacent cells that provide attachment and communication.

Tight junction

Junction that seals cells together to prevent leakage of substances between cells.

Gap junction

Channel-forming junction that allows direct communication between neighboring cells.

Desmosome

Anchoring junction that connects intermediate filaments of adjacent cells for strength.

Hemidesmosome

Junction that attaches epithelial cells to the basement membrane.

Adherens junction

Junction associated with cadherins that anchors cells to each other via actin filaments.

Extracellular matrix

Material outside cells composed of ground substance and fibers that supports and binds cells.

Ground substance

Fluid or gel-like component of ECM that surrounds cells and fibers, enabling exchange and support.

Fibers (types)

Structural proteins in ECM: collagen (tensile strength), elastic (recoil), and reticular (supportive nets).

Collagen fibers

Thick, strong fibers that provide tensile strength in connective tissue.

Elastic fibers

Thin fibers that provide stretch and resilience in connective tissue.

Reticular fibers

Fine fibers forming a supportive network in certain tissues.

Fibroblast

Cell that produces fibers and components of the ground substance in connective tissue.

Fibrocyte

Mature fibroblast that maintains the connective tissue fibers.

Adipocyte

Fat cell that stores triglycerides for energy and insulation.

Mast cell

Cell that releases histamine and other mediators during inflammation.

Macrophage

Immune cell that engulfs pathogens and debris (phagocytosis).

Plasma cell

Cell that produces antibodies as part of the immune response.

Loose connective tissue

Connective tissue with more ground substance; cushions and binds tissues; includes adipose and reticular tissue.

Dense connective tissue

Connective tissue rich in fibers; provides strong connections; includes tendons and ligaments.

Cartilage

Dense network of collagen and elastic fibers in a gel-like matrix (chondroitin sulfate); chondrocytes in lacunae; avascular except for perichondrium.

Chondrocyte

Cartilage cell housed in lacunae within cartilage matrix.

Lacuna

A small cavity within cartilage that houses a chondrocyte.

Perichondrium

Dense irregular connective tissue surrounding cartilage; contains blood vessels.

Hyaline cartilage

Most common cartilage; provides support with flexibility; chondrocytes in lacunae; glassy matrix.

Fibrocartilage

Cartilage strong in tensile strength; located in intervertebral discs and knee menisci.

Elastic cartilage

Cartilage with elastic fibers; maintains shape with flexibility (e.g., ear, epiglottis).

Bone tissue

Osseous tissue composed of osteocytes in a mineralized matrix; supports, protects, and enables movement.

Osteocyte

Mature bone cell embedded in lacunae within bone matrix.

Compact bone

Dense bone with arranged osteons for strength and load-bearing.

Spongy (trabecular) bone

Lattice-like bone tissue with trabeculae that houses red bone marrow.

Blood (liquid connective tissue)

Connective tissue with a liquid extracellular matrix (plasma) that transports nutrients, gases, and wastes.

Lymph

Clear fluid within the lymphatic system involved in immune responses.

Muscular tissue

Tissue composed of elongated cells (muscle fibers) that generate force using ATP.

Skeletal muscle

Voluntary, striated muscle attached to bones; long cylindrical fibers.

Cardiac muscle

Involuntary, striated muscle of the heart with intercalated discs for synchronized contraction.

Smooth muscle

Non-striated, involuntary muscle in walls of hollow organs and vessels.

Nervous tissue

Tissue composed of neurons and neuroglia; specialized for transmitting impulses.

Neuron

Nerve cell with a cell body, dendrites, and an axon that transmits electrical impulses.

Neuroglia

Supportive cells in the nervous system that aid neurons.

Dendrite

Neuron extension that receives signals and transmits them to the cell body.

Axon

Neuron extension that carries impulses away from the cell body to other cells.

Myelin sheath

Insulating layer around many axons that speeds nerve impulse transmission.

Excitable cells

Cells (neurons and muscle fibers) that respond to stimuli with electrical signals.

Action potential

Rapid electrical impulse that travels along a membrane to trigger a response.

Granulation tissue

New connective tissue and tiny blood vessels that form during wound healing.

Inflammation

Immediate protective response to injury or infection, involving redness, heat, swelling, and pain.

Tissue repair

Restoration of tissue integrity after injury, involving inflammation, cell proliferation, and remodeling.

Interstitial growth

Cartilage growth from within the tissue (inside the matrix).

Appositional growth

Cartilage growth at the outer surface of the tissue.

Aging and tissues

Aging alters healing rate, nutrition, blood supply, and ECM components, affecting tissue function.

Cancer (carcinoma)

Uncontrolled cell division that can invade underlying tissues and disrupt tissue architecture.