Skeleton

What is the total number of bones in the human body?

206 total bones.

What are the two main divisions of the human skeleton?

Axial skeleton and appendicular skeleton.

How many bones are in the axial skeleton?

80 bones.

What type of bones are longer than they are wide?

Long bones.

Name one example of a long bone.

Humerus, radius, ulna, femur, tibia, fibula.

What shape are short bones typically?

Cubish in shape.

Give an example of a short bone.

Carpals.

What are flat bones made of?

Two flat compact bones with spongy bone in the middle.

Provide an example of a flat bone.

Sternum, scapula, ilium.

What is unique about irregular bones?

They have unique or complex shapes.

Name an example of an irregular bone.

Mandible, vertebrae, ischium.

What is the function of the cranium?

Protection of the brain.

What are sutures?

Immovable joints between parts of the skull.

What is the total number of cranial bones?

8 cranial bones.

What is the purpose of the mandible?

It is the only movable bone of the skull.

What is the most common reason for a broken mandible?

Because it's free-moving.

What are the parts of the sternum?

Manubrium, body, xiphoid process.

What is the difference between true ribs and false ribs?

True ribs have a direct connection to the sternum, while false ribs do not.

How many cervical vertebrae are there?

7 cervical vertebrae.

Which bones are included in the appendicular skeleton?

Bones of the limbs and the pelvic and pectoral girdles.

What bone is commonly known as the collarbone?

Clavicle.

What is the longest bone in the human body?

Femur.

What is the structure inside long bones that produces red blood cells?

Red bone marrow.

What does Wolff’s law state about bone?

A bone grows or remodels in response to forces/demands placed upon it.

What are the two types of ossification?

Intramembranous ossification and endochondral ossification.

What do osteoclasts do? (AI)

They destroy bone tissue.

What is the purpose of the hyoid bone?

It is attached to the tongue and aids in swallowing.

What happens to the bones when a person ages?

They can compress and lead to height loss.

What characteristic distinguishes male pelvis from female pelvis?

The female pelvis is wider and has a more circular pelvic girdle opening.

What are the functions of bones?

support, assistance in movement, protection, production of RBC, energy storage

What are the parts of a long bone?

diaphysis, metaphysis, epiphysis, articular cartilage, medullary cavity, periosteum

Diaphysis

main portion of the bone

Epiphysis

ends of the bone made of spongy bone with red bone marrow inside

What are the 2 layers of the periosteum?

fiborous layer (outer), osteogenic

What are bones made up of?

25% water, 25% protein, 50% mineral

Ossification

the formation of bone

Crystallization

when the minerals in the bone hardens (ossification)

What are the 2 types of ossification? (comma)

intramebraneous ossification, endochondral ossification

Intramebraneous ossification

when bone forms from within the bone and spreads out, causes sutures

When does Intramebraneous ossification happen?

in babies

Endochondral ossification

bone that grows longer from the growth plate

Where does apositional (width) growth happen?

periosteum

Osteoprogenitor cells

the first cells, stem cells, perform mitosis, found in periosteum

Osteoblasts

cells that form bone material, secrete collagen and mineral salts into all of the surrounded materials

Osteocytes

mature bone cells, performs normal cells function

How do osteoblasts become osteocytes?

isolate selves and lose mitosis ability

Osteoclasts

destroy bone tissue, gets rid of waste allowing repair to happen

Compact bone

made of osteocytes, provides support and protection

Where is compact bone found?

diaphysis and outer epiphiysis

Haversian systems/osteon

main structural unit of compact bone

What is an osteon made up of?

central canal, concentric lamellae, canaliculi

What's the purpose of the central canal (osteons)?

to provide nutrients

Concentric lamellac

layers of crystalized bone, spaces inside are called lacunae

Canaliculi

canals that connect the various parts of an osteon

Where can spongy bone be found?

epiphysis of long bones and middle/center of flat bones

Where is red bone marrow found in bones?

spongy bone

Trabeculae

tiny bone that has holes filled with red bone marrow

Where does growth in length occur?

hyaline cartilage/growth plate

What are the 4 stages of long bone growth?

zone of resting cartilage, zone of proliferating cartilage, zone of hypertrophic cartilage, zone of calcified cartilage

Zone of resting cartilage

end closest to epiphysis filled with scattered chondrocites (cartilage cells) serving as glue keeping epiphysis and diaphysis together

Zone of proliferating cartilage

multiplying cartilage cells, epiphysis and diaphysis grows apart

Zone of hypertrophic/maturing cartilage

areas of cartilage thicken up

Zone of calcified cartilage

new mineral salts crystalize into bone, becomes part of bone material

Wolff's law

a bone grows or remodels in response to forces/demands placed upon it

Nondisplaced fracture

bone ends retain normal position

Displaced fracture

bones ends out of alignment

Complete fracture

bone broken all the way through

Incomplete fracture

bone partially broken

Linear fracture

fracture parallel to long axis of the bone

Transverse fracture

fracture perpendicular to long axis of the bone

Compound (open) fracture

bone ends penetrate skin

Simple (closed) fracture

bone ends don't penetrate skin

Comminuted fracture

bone fragments into 3 or moe pieces

Spiral fracture

ragged break when bone is excessively twisted

Depressed fracture

broken bone portion pressed inward

Compression fracture

bone is crushed

Stress fracture

microscopic fractures resulting from repeated stressful impact

Epiphyseal fracture

epiphysis separates from diaphysis along epiphyseal line

Greenstick fracture

incomplete fracture where one side breaks and the other bends