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What is the total number of bones in the human body?
206 total bones.
What are the two main divisions of the human skeleton?
Axial skeleton and appendicular skeleton.
How many bones are in the axial skeleton?
80 bones.
What type of bones are longer than they are wide?
Long bones.
Name one example of a long bone.
Humerus, radius, ulna, femur, tibia, fibula.
What shape are short bones typically?
Cubish in shape.
Give an example of a short bone.
Carpals.
What are flat bones made of?
Two flat compact bones with spongy bone in the middle.
Provide an example of a flat bone.
Sternum, scapula, ilium.
What is unique about irregular bones?
They have unique or complex shapes.
Name an example of an irregular bone.
Mandible, vertebrae, ischium.
What is the function of the cranium?
Protection of the brain.
What are sutures?
Immovable joints between parts of the skull.
What is the total number of cranial bones?
8 cranial bones.
What is the purpose of the mandible?
It is the only movable bone of the skull.
What is the most common reason for a broken mandible?
Because it's free-moving.
What are the parts of the sternum?
Manubrium, body, xiphoid process.
What is the difference between true ribs and false ribs?
True ribs have a direct connection to the sternum, while false ribs do not.
How many cervical vertebrae are there?
7 cervical vertebrae.
Which bones are included in the appendicular skeleton?
Bones of the limbs and the pelvic and pectoral girdles.
What bone is commonly known as the collarbone?
Clavicle.
What is the longest bone in the human body?
Femur.
What is the structure inside long bones that produces red blood cells?
Red bone marrow.
What does Wolff’s law state about bone?
A bone grows or remodels in response to forces/demands placed upon it.
What are the two types of ossification?
Intramembranous ossification and endochondral ossification.
What do osteoclasts do? (AI)
They destroy bone tissue.
What is the purpose of the hyoid bone?
It is attached to the tongue and aids in swallowing.
What happens to the bones when a person ages?
They can compress and lead to height loss.
What characteristic distinguishes male pelvis from female pelvis?
The female pelvis is wider and has a more circular pelvic girdle opening.
What are the functions of bones?
support, assistance in movement, protection, production of RBC, energy storage
What are the parts of a long bone?
diaphysis, metaphysis, epiphysis, articular cartilage, medullary cavity, periosteum
Diaphysis
main portion of the bone
Epiphysis
ends of the bone made of spongy bone with red bone marrow inside
What are the 2 layers of the periosteum?
fiborous layer (outer), osteogenic
What are bones made up of?
25% water, 25% protein, 50% mineral
Ossification
the formation of bone
Crystallization
when the minerals in the bone hardens (ossification)
What are the 2 types of ossification? (comma)
intramebraneous ossification, endochondral ossification
Intramebraneous ossification
when bone forms from within the bone and spreads out, causes sutures
When does Intramebraneous ossification happen?
in babies
Endochondral ossification
bone that grows longer from the growth plate
Where does apositional (width) growth happen?
periosteum
Osteoprogenitor cells
the first cells, stem cells, perform mitosis, found in periosteum
Osteoblasts
cells that form bone material, secrete collagen and mineral salts into all of the surrounded materials
Osteocytes
mature bone cells, performs normal cells function
How do osteoblasts become osteocytes?
isolate selves and lose mitosis ability
Osteoclasts
destroy bone tissue, gets rid of waste allowing repair to happen
Compact bone
made of osteocytes, provides support and protection
Where is compact bone found?
diaphysis and outer epiphiysis
Haversian systems/osteon
main structural unit of compact bone
What is an osteon made up of?
central canal, concentric lamellae, canaliculi
What's the purpose of the central canal (osteons)?
to provide nutrients
Concentric lamellac
layers of crystalized bone, spaces inside are called lacunae
Canaliculi
canals that connect the various parts of an osteon
Where can spongy bone be found?
epiphysis of long bones and middle/center of flat bones
Where is red bone marrow found in bones?
spongy bone
Trabeculae
tiny bone that has holes filled with red bone marrow
Where does growth in length occur?
hyaline cartilage/growth plate
What are the 4 stages of long bone growth?
zone of resting cartilage, zone of proliferating cartilage, zone of hypertrophic cartilage, zone of calcified cartilage
Zone of resting cartilage
end closest to epiphysis filled with scattered chondrocites (cartilage cells) serving as glue keeping epiphysis and diaphysis together
Zone of proliferating cartilage
multiplying cartilage cells, epiphysis and diaphysis grows apart
Zone of hypertrophic/maturing cartilage
areas of cartilage thicken up
Zone of calcified cartilage
new mineral salts crystalize into bone, becomes part of bone material
Wolff's law
a bone grows or remodels in response to forces/demands placed upon it
Nondisplaced fracture
bone ends retain normal position
Displaced fracture
bones ends out of alignment
Complete fracture
bone broken all the way through
Incomplete fracture
bone partially broken
Linear fracture
fracture parallel to long axis of the bone
Transverse fracture
fracture perpendicular to long axis of the bone
Compound (open) fracture
bone ends penetrate skin
Simple (closed) fracture
bone ends don't penetrate skin
Comminuted fracture
bone fragments into 3 or moe pieces
Spiral fracture
ragged break when bone is excessively twisted
Depressed fracture
broken bone portion pressed inward
Compression fracture
bone is crushed
Stress fracture
microscopic fractures resulting from repeated stressful impact
Epiphyseal fracture
epiphysis separates from diaphysis along epiphyseal line
Greenstick fracture
incomplete fracture where one side breaks and the other bends
Note 
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