Comprehensive Review – Social Science & History Lecture

120 Question-and-Answer flashcards summarizing key political science, law, history, sociology, economics, and Philippine-specific concepts from the lecture notes. These cards provide concise prompts and answers for efficient exam preparation.

What does the “social contract” theory state about government authority?

Government derives its authority from the consent of the governed.

In a democracy, what is a core expectation of citizenship?

Active participation in political processes.

Which 1215 document first limited monarchical power in England?

The Magna Carta.

What is the purpose of checks and balances in a constitutional system?

To prevent any one branch of government from becoming too powerful.

Which philosopher is most associated with natural rights?

John Locke.

What does the principle of popular sovereignty mean?

Ultimate governing authority rests with the people.

Which governing system divides power between national and sub-national entities?

Federalism.

What does the legal term jus soli refer to?

Citizenship acquired by being born within a state’s territory.

What power was established by Marbury v. Madison (1803)?

Judicial review—the power of courts to declare laws unconstitutional.

What is due process primarily concerned with?

Fair treatment through the normal judicial system.

Which law protects U.S. employees from discrimination on race, color, religion, sex or national origin?

The Civil Rights Act of 1964.

Define pluralism in political science.

The inclusion and coexistence of diverse social groups and interests in politics.

What is political socialization?

The process through which individuals acquire political beliefs and values.

Which type of democracy lets citizens elect representatives?

Representative democracy.

What does the term theocracy signify?

Government based on religious law or led by religious authorities.

Which event is widely viewed as the start of modern citizenship rights?

The French Revolution.

What is the primary function of the judiciary in a democracy?

To interpret and uphold the law impartially.

Equal protection under the law guarantees what?

Laws apply uniformly to all individuals.

What is civil disobedience?

Deliberately breaking laws to protest perceived injustice while accepting legal consequences.

Define negligence in tort law.

A breach of duty causing harm to another.

What right is safeguarded by habeas corpus?

Protection against unlawful detention without just cause.

Which employment-law principle seeks to redress historical discrimination through proactive hiring?

Affirmative action.

What is an NGO?

A non-governmental organization operating independently of government to address social issues.

What is sustainable development’s key governance element?

Balancing economic growth with environmental protection.

Explain double jeopardy.

A person cannot be tried twice for the same offense.

What is executive privilege?

The president’s power to withhold information from the other branches.

Define bicameral legislature.

A legislature with two separate chambers or houses.

Which U.S. document codified separation of powers?

The Constitution of the United States.

What is the Electoral College?

The mechanism for electing the U.S. president through state-allocated electors.

Popular vote on a single, significant question to citizens is called what?

A plebiscite.

Which political ideology favors minimal economic intervention by government?

Conservatism (in its classical economic sense) / Economic liberalism.

Define political culture.

Shared beliefs and values that shape political behavior in a society.

Nation-building primarily aims at what?

Creating a unified national identity and institutions.

Which country is an example of a constitutional monarchy in Europe?

Sweden.

What characterizes good governance?

Efficient resource management, transparency, public participation and accountability.

What is political efficacy?

Citizens’ belief that they can understand and influence politics.

Civic nationalism bases membership on what?

Shared civic values and participation rather than ethnicity.

Authoritarian regimes are identified by what key feature?

Concentration of power in a single leader or party with limited civil liberties.

What instrument of international law was adopted by the UN in 1948 to affirm fundamental rights?

The Universal Declaration of Human Rights.

Define actus reus.

The physical act or conduct element of a crime.

What is the goal of consumer protection laws?

To ensure fair trading practices and safeguard consumers.

Which legal field governs disputes between private individuals?

Civil law.

What is family law NOT typically concerned with?

Contracts for sale.

Public accountability in governance means what?

Officials are transparent and answerable to citizens for their actions.

What phenomenon describes widening ideological distance among citizens?

Political polarization.

Define welfare state.

A government that provides extensive social services and safety nets for citizens.

What does devolution entail?

Transfer of authority from central to local governments.

What is judicial review’s Philippine equivalent constitutional ground?

Courts may declare laws or executive acts unconstitutional under the 1987 Constitution.

Who can solemnize marriage on board a ship or plane in transit under Philippine law?

The captain of the vessel or aircraft.

Minimum age for valid marriage in the Philippines (with parental consent needed 18–21)?

18 years old.

Marriage found void due to psychological incapacity is considered what?

Void from the beginning (null and void).

Suicide under Philippine criminal law is classified how?

Not a punishable crime.

Minimum age to run for Philippine President or Vice-President?

At least 40 years old.

ASEAN Way stresses what diplomatic principle?

Non-interference and consensus-building among member states.

Which initiative aims to connect Asia, Europe and Africa through infrastructure investment?

China’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI).

Primary concern critics raise about BRI?

Debt-trap diplomacy / debt diplomacy.

Where is the Rohingya humanitarian crisis occurring?

Myanmar.

Soft power in Asian diplomacy is best demonstrated by what?

Cultural exports and fostering favorable international relations.

Country historically enforcing a one-child policy?

China.

Major contention in South China Sea disputes?

Competing territorial and resource claims (oil, fishing grounds).

Define social enterprise.

A business aiming to address social/environmental issues while remaining financially viable.

The term 'Asian values' often emphasizes what?

Economic growth and social stability over liberal individualism.

Which early river-valley civilization developed cuneiform writing?

The Sumerian civilization.

Primary purpose of Egyptian pyramids?

Tombs for pharaohs ensuring their afterlife.

What event in 476 CE marks a historic divide in Europe?

The fall of the Western Roman Empire.

Which Byzantine emperor codified Roman law?

Justinian I.

The Hundred Years’ War was fought mainly between which two nations?

England and France.

Which Chinese dynasty first unified China in 221 BCE?

The Qin dynasty.

Significance of the Peace of Westphalia (1648)?

Ended the Thirty Years’ War and affirmed state sovereignty principles.

Who proposed the heliocentric model of the solar system?

Nicolaus Copernicus.

Which empire built an extensive road system that linked its vast territories?

The Roman Empire (also the Inca, but phrase refers to Rome).

Triangle Trade connected which three regions?

Europe, Africa, and the Americas.

What event ignited the French Revolution?

The Storming of the Bastille (July 14, 1789).

John Locke’s political philosophy centered on what concepts?

Social contract and natural rights of life, liberty, and property.

The Opium Wars were fought between China and which power?

Britain.

First successful anti-colonial revolution in the Americas?

The Haitian Revolution (1791-1804).

Berlin Conference of 1884-85 regulated what?

European colonization and trade in Africa.

Outcome of Russian Revolution (1917)?

Establishment of a communist state (Soviet Union).

Term describing South Africa’s institutionalized racial segregation (1948-1994)?

Apartheid.

World War II’s outbreak in Europe is dated to which event?

Germany’s invasion of Poland on 1 September 1939.

Leader associated with Glasnost reforms in the USSR?

Mikhail Gorbachev.

The Iron Curtain metaphor described division between what regions?

Eastern (communist) and Western (capitalist) Europe during the Cold War.

Mughal dynasty ruled primarily in which region?

India.

What did the Emancipation Proclamation (1863) declare?

Freeing enslaved people in Confederate-held U.S. territory.

Balance-of-power theory is mainly tied to which era?

European diplomacy in the 19th century.

Which WWII battle opened the Western Front and led to liberation of Paris?

The Battle of Normandy (D-Day, June 1944).

The term proletariat refers to which social group?

The working class who sell their labor.

Which U.S. program achieved the first manned Moon landing?

Apollo program (Apollo 11, 1969).

Chinese Cultural Revolution (1966-76) sought primarily to do what?

Purge capitalist and traditional elements to reinforce Maoist ideology.

Capital city of the Aztec Empire?

Tenochtitlan.

Socratic method is characterized by what technique?

Question-and-answer dialogue to stimulate critical thinking.

Which ideology seeks a classless society?

Socialism/Communism.

Industrial Revolution began in which sector?

Textile manufacturing in Britain.

Main cause of Russia’s 1905 Revolution?

Economic hardship and political repression following the Russo-Japanese War.

Spanish-era military provinces in the Philippines were called what?

Corregimientos (unpacified areas under military rule).

1987 Philippine Constitutional Commission president?

Cecilia Muñoz-Palma.

What Philippine cultural symbol most directly represents nationalism?

The Philippine flag.

Which Philippine proclamation placed the country under Martial Law in 1972?

Proclamation No. 1081 by Ferdinand Marcos.

Who is known as the Father of Sociology?

Auguste Comte.

Regalian Doctrine in Philippine law states what?

All lands not clearly under private ownership belong to the State.