cell signaling

Cell signaling involves communication by direct contact or by sending signal molecules __________.

across short or long distances between cells.

The three stages of cell signaling are __________, transduction, and response.

Reception

In the reception stage, a signaling molecule binds to a __________ protein.

receptor

After a signaling molecule binds to a receptor, it may cause a shape change in the receptor, which is considered the first step of __________.

transduction

G-Protein Coupled Receptor activation involves the receptor binding to a __________ after the ligand binds.

G protein

The activated G protein replaces GDP with __________.

GTP

The conversion of ATP to __________ is facilitated by the enzyme adenylyl cyclase.

cAMP

Cyclic AMP (cAMP) is considered a __________ messenger.

second

Receptor Tyrosine Kinase activation occurs when two signal molecules bind to two receptors forming a __________.

dimer receptor

In signal transduction, a __________ cascade amplifies the signal by phosphorylating many proteins.

phosphorylation

The process of turning off signals is mediated by __________ that remove phosphate groups.

protein phosphatases