Stage Check 1 PPL

What Documents must you have with you to fly the airplane as a student pilot (61.3)

As a student pilot you must have your pilot certificate, medical certificate, your government issues photo ID, and your Logbook(with proper endorsements

What are your limitations as a student pilot(61.89)

1. Cannot carry passengers

2. Cannot carry property for compensation or hire

3. Cannot fly in furtherance of a business

4. Cannot fly with a flight or surface visibility of less than 3sm during the day and 5sm at night and flight must be made with visual references to the surface

What are the limitations of a private pilot(61.113)

May not pay less than the pro rata share
May not act as Pilot in Command of an aircraft that is carrying passengers or property for compensation or hire
May not act as Pilot in Command of an aircraft for compensation or hire
May act as pilot in Command of a charitable, nonprofit, or community flight event
May demonstrate an aircraft in flight to a prospective buyer(if you have over 200 hours)
May act as PIC of an aircraft towing a glider or unpowered ultralight vehicle

Do you need to take your logbook with you as a student pilot?(61.51)

Only as a student pilot on a cross country flight or any applicable endorsements/solos

What type of pilot certificate do you have? and does it expire? (61.19)

Under 40 a student pilot certificate expires after 60 calendar months
Over 40, it expires after 24 calendar months
PPL,CPL,CFI,Ground Instructors, and ATP certificates are issued without an expiration date

How do we keep our pilot certificate current?(61.56, 61.57)

Student Pilot: with a valid medical certificate
PPL: flight review every 24 calendar months

What are the currency requirements for carrying passengers(61.57)

3 take offs and landings within the preceding 90 days in an an aircraft of the same category, class, and type if required, At night, these 3 landings must be made to a full stop

What is the definition of night? When can you perform required night landings(1.1, 61.57)

Night = The time between evening civil twilight and morning civil twilight
Night landings can be logged 1 hour after sunset to 1 hour before sunrise

What documents should be in the aircraft before flight(91.9, 91.203)

ARROW

Airworthiness Certificate
Registration
Radio License(for international flights)
Operating Limitations(found in the POH)
Weight and Balance equipment list

When does Aircraft registration expire(47.40)

7 calendar years

With respect to the certification, privileges, and limitations of airmen, what do category, class, and type mean(61.5)

Category: Airplane, Rotorcraft, Glider, Lighter-Than-Air etc
Class: Single Engine Land/Sea, Multiengine Land/Sea
Type: specific to aircraft - only required for aircraft with a max gross weight equal or greater than 12,500, turbojet, or any aircraft specified by the FAA to require one(61.31)

Does an Airworthiness Certificate Expire?

Not as long as inspections are kept up to date and manufacturers’ original design is adhered to

Does the POH meet the requirements of an AFM? (PHAK 8-2)

Yes, the POH for most light aircraft built after 1975 is also the FAA designated AFM

Who says we have to follow the POH?(91.9)

FAR 91.9 states, “no person may operate a civil aircraft without complying with the operating limitations specified in the approved Airplane or Rotorcraft Flight Manual“

Who is responsible for ensuring an aircraft is maintained in an airworthy condition?(91.403)

the owner/operator

What are the required inspections and when are they due?

AV1IATES

ANNUAL - every 12 calendar months(91.409)
VOR - every 30 calendar days for IFR(91.171)
100 Hour if airplane is being operated for fire
Altimeter/Pitot Static - 24 calendar months:required for IFR flight plan(91.411)
Transponder - 24 calendar months
ELT - 12 calendar months and after of 1 hour cumulative use or half battery use
Service bulletins and AD’s complied with

What is an Airworthiness Directive? is in mandatory?(PHAK 8-12)

FAA issued order to fix a known issue. It is mandatory

What different kinds of AD’s exist?

Emergency - require immediate compliance before flight
One Time - After the AD is complied with once, there is no further need to address the specified issue
Recurring - This AD must be complied with at the specified interval.

Can you over fly an annual inspection?(91.409)

The only way to overfly an annual is to obtain a special flight permit from the FSDO

Can you over fly a 100 hour inspection?

A 100 hour inspection may be overflown by no more than 10 hours and only if enroute to the

place where the inspection will be done. An annual inspection can be substituted for the 100 hour

however, a 100 hour cannot substitute an annual inspection.

Do you need to have an ELT in the airplane?(91.207)

A ELT is not needed for Training flights conducted entirely within a 50-nautical mile radius of the airport from which such local flight operations began

What equipment and instruments do you need to have in the airplane for Day VFR

ATOMATOFLAMES

Altimeter
Tachometer
Oil Pressure Gauge
Magnetic Compass
Airspeed Indicator
Temperature Gauge(for liquid cooled engines)
Oil Temperature Gauge
Fuel Quantity Gauge
Landing gear position indicator (for retractible landing gear)
Anti-Collision lights - Aviation red or white
Manifold Pressure gauge( for airplanes with a constant speed propellor)
ELT
Seatbelts

What equipment and instruments do you for Night VFR Flights

ATOMATOFLAMES & FLAPS

Fuses - 3 of each kind or one complete set
Landing light if airplane is being flown for hire
Anti-collision lights
Position lights - also called navigation lights - red on left - green on right, white on tail
Source of Electricity - Battery or Alternator

Can you fly if you found that the landing light was inoperative

Cannot fly at night per FARs - During the day you would deactivate or remove the component and placarding it INOP(could be pulling the circuit breaker out)

Can you fly an airplane with known inoperative equipment?

Yes, if it is not included in 91.205 and it has been deactivated/removed and placarded inoperative

What is a minimum equipment list?(PHAK 8-9)

An FAA approved list of equipment that can be inoperative

Do we have a Minimum Equipment List?

No, We adhere to the regulations in 91.205 and 91.213(d)

Can an aircraft owner change a MEL

If a change is sought, and letter and a proposed MEL, that is based off the MASTER MEL, must be sent to the FAA for approval

What kind of battery does our Cessna 172 have

a 12 volt lead-acid battery

How does the battery receive power?

a 60 amp alternator mounted at the back of the engine

What voltage does the electrical system run on?

14 volts direct current

How is power distributed throughout the plane

power is distributed from the battery through electrical buses and circuit breakers

What should you do if a electrical system fails during flight?

check the relative circuit breaker and reset if the system is essential you may reset it once(only if there is no smell of burning or visible smoke

How would you know of an Alternator failure?

the displaying of low-voltage annunciator and/or a negative reading on the main battery ammeter

What should you do if the Alternator appears to have failed in flight

Alternator OFF
Non-essential equipment OFF
land as soon as practicable

How many gallons of fuel does the plane hold?

39 gallons(36 gallons are usable(38 during level flight)

How does fuel flow through the aircraft?

Wing Tanks → Selector Valve → Fuel Strainer → Carburetor → Engine

What fuel does the aircraft use?

100LL

What color is 100LL fuel?

Blue

What does the Mixture lever do?

adjusts the amount of fuel in the fuel:air ration

What is the ideal fuel:air ration

1 molecule fuel to 15 molecules of fuel

Why do we sample fuel before each flight?

to check for water, contaminates, and proper fuel grade

Describe the engine used in the plane

6CHAND

6 cylinder
Continental O-300-D
Horizontally Opposed
Air Cooled
Normally aspirated
Direct Drive

What is the displacement of your engine?

300 cubic inches

How many horsepower does you engine produce?

145 at 2700rpms at sea level

What kind of oil system does the plane use?

a wet oil sump

what is the capacity of the oil system

8 quarts maximum, Bravo 6 requires minimum of 6 quarts

How is the engine cooled?

Air flowing over the engine via cowlings, oil plays a part in cooling

What is the purpose of Oil?

Oil lubricates, Cools, Seals, and Cleans the engine

What are the four strokes of a engine cylinder

Intake - Intake valves open, inward moving piston sucks fuel/air mixture into the cylinder
Compression - Intake valve closes - as piston moves back up and compresses this mixture
Power - Spark plugs ignite the mixture as the piston is in the upmost position, this ignition pushes the piston down
Exhaust - The piston moves up, pushing the exhaust gas out of the now open exhaust valve

Describe the Propellor on this aircraft

the engine drives a MCCauley 76in, two blade, all-metal, fixed-pitch propellor.

What is the maximum RPM of the propellor? How much does it differ from the Engine maximum RPM

2700 rpms, that is the same as the engine

How does the aircraft produce vacuum?

two engine-driven pumps located at the back of the engine

What flight instruments run off the vacuum system?

The Attitude and Heading Indicators

What is the normal vacuum operating range

4.5-5.5 inHg

How will you know if a vacuum has failed?

it all be indicated on the annunciator panel

What kind of landing gear does the C172 have

Fixed Tricycle

What kind of shock absorption does the landing gear have?

The nose gear has an oleo strut. the main gear uses tapered spring steel

How is the airplane steered?

By use of the rudders?

How are the rudders connected to the nose wheel?

A spring loaded steering bungee?

How many degrees of steering does the nose wheel allow?

10 Degrees either side of center. Up to 30 with differential braking

What braking system does the airplane use?

The brakes are hydraulically actuated and located on the main wheels. they are single-disc brakes

How are the brakes actuated?

The brakes are actuated by pressing the top of the rudder pedals. This sends break fluid from the master cylinder to the brakes for the respective wheel.

How do you apply the parking brake?

Pressing the top of the rudder pedals. Pulling and rotating 90 down on the handle located below the left instrument panel

How is Cabin Heat and defrost produced?

Cabin heat and defrost is produced by an exhaust shroud that channels fresh air past the exhaust system and into a manifold near the pilots feet

When can Carburetor Ice form?

Under certain moist atmospheric conditions, especially when temperatures are between 20F and 70F.

How does Carburetor Ice form?

Rapid airflow through the carburetors Venturi and the cooling effect of fuel vaporization, causes water vapor to freeze

How do we prevent Carburetor Ice from forming?

By turning Carburetor Heat on whenever the plane is airborne and the tachometer is reading less than 2000 RPMS

What are the signs of Carburetor Icing?

Engine Roughness, and a gradual drop in RPM

How does the airplane warn of an impending stall?

A protruding metal tab on the left wing. as the aircraft approaches a stall, the low-pressure area causes the metal tab to be lifted up. When it is lifted up it completes an electrical circuit and the stall horn sounds.

On 42L the stall warning is pneumatic. An inlet on the left wing is connected to a warning horn near the top left corner of the windshield. As the aircraft approaches a stall the low pressure area on top of the wing shifts forwards and draws air through the horn, producing an audible warning about 5 to 10 knots above stall speed

What kind of flaps are on the plane?

The plane has single slot type flaps.

How are the Flaps operated?

They are operated electrically by a motor in the right wing

How do the spark plugs produce spark?

Magnetos

What is a magneto?

A magneto is a device connected the the engine that produces power by moving a magnet through a metal coil