chapter 16

Changes in the external and internal environment are \________ that are detected by the sensory system.
A. sensations
B. receptors
C. stimuli
D. adaptations
E. transducers

C. stimuli

Conscious awareness of incoming sensory information is called:
A. sensation.
B. receptor.
C. a stimulus.
D. adaptation.
E. transducer.

A. sensation.

By definition, transducers:
A. are electrical devices that do not work with biological systems.
B. change one form of energy into another form.
C. transmit signals away from the central nervous system.
D. transmit signals toward the central nervous system.

B. change one form of energy into another form.

Which statement accurately describes the merits of different receptive field properties?
A. Having small receptive fields allow for more precision, but since more receptors are needed it increases overall energy costs.
B. Having large receptive fields allow for more precision, but since since the area of responsiveness is larger, it increases the body's energy costs.
C. Having small receptive fields allows for more precision, smaller body surfaces, and decreased energy costs overall.
D. Having large receptive fields allows for more precision, larger body surfaces, and decreased energy costs overall.

A. Having small receptive fields allow for more precision, but since more receptors are needed it increases overall energy costs.

Our ability to precisely locate a stimulus is \________ proportional to receptive field size.
A. directly
B. inversely

B. inversely

The entire area through which the sensitive ends of the receptor cells are distributed is the:
A. sensory field.
B. receptive field.
C. stimulus area.
D. adaptative radius.
E. transducer field.

B. receptive field.

If the receptive fields of the skin's receptors were smaller, then:
A. precision would be greater, and we would not need as many receptors to monitor the environment for stimuli.
B. precision would be greater, but we would need more receptors to monitor the environment for stimuli.
C. precision would be lessened, and we would need more receptors to monitor the environment for stimuli.
D. precision would be lessened, but we would not need as many receptors to monitor the environment for stimuli.

B. precision would be greater, but we would need more receptors to monitor the environment for stimuli.

The type of receptor that readily adapts to a stimulus is known as a \________ receptor.
A. phasic
B. tonic
C. transducer
D. multimodal

A. phasic

In general, you become unaware of the shirt on your back because your touch receptors:
A. are tonic.
B. undergo adaptation.
C. are transducers.
D. maintain firing but are ignored.

B. undergo adaptation.

A reduction in sensitivity to a continually applied stimulus is called:
A. sensation.
B. tonicity.
C. conscious awareness.
D. adaptation.
E. transduction.

D. adaptation.

Which of the following is not one of the three criteria used to describe receptors?
A. Stimulus strength (intensity of stimulus)
B. Stimulus origin (location of stimulus)
C. Receptor distribution (body location)
D. Modality of stimulus (stimulating agent)

A. Stimulus strength (intensity of stimulus)

The classification of a receptor as a photoreceptor or a mechanoreceptor depends on:
A. the location of origin of the stimulus it perceives.
B. the modality of the stimulus it perceives.
C. its location in the body.
D. whether it is a somatic or visceral receptor.

B. the modality of the stimulus it perceives.

Which term best describes receptors that detect stimuli from the external environment?
A. Interoceptors
B. Exteroceptors
C. Proprioceptors
D. Nociceptors
E. Thermoreceptors

B. Exteroceptors

Which term best describes receptors that detect stimuli from internal organs?
A. Interoceptors
B. Exteroceptors
C. Proprioceptors
D. Nociceptors
E. Thermoreceptors

A. Interoceptors

Which term best describes receptors that detect body and limb movements, skeletal muscle contraction and stretch, and joint capsule structure?
A. Interoceptors
B. Exteroceptors
C. Proprioceptors
D. Nociceptors
E. Thermoreceptors

C. Proprioceptors

These receptors detect specific molecules in our external and internal environments.
A. Chemoreceptors
B. Thermoreceptors
C. Photoreceptors
D. Mechanoreceptors
E. Baroreceptors

A. Chemoreceptors

These receptors respond to changes in temperature.
A. Chemoreceptors
B. Thermoreceptors
C. Photoreceptors
D. Mechanoreceptors
E. Baroreceptors

B. Thermoreceptors

These receptors detect changes in the color, intensity, and movement of light.
A. Chemoreceptors
B. Thermoreceptors
C. Photoreceptors
D. Mechanoreceptors
E. Baroreceptors

C. Photoreceptors

These receptors respond to touch, pressure, vibration, and stretch.
A. Chemoreceptors
B. Thermoreceptors
C. Photoreceptors
D. Mechanoreceptors
E. Baroreceptors

D. Mechanoreceptors

These receptors detect changes in pressure within the body caused by the stretch or distention of internal structures.
A. Chemoreceptors
B. Thermoreceptors
C. Photoreceptors
D. Mechanoreceptors
E. Baroreceptors

E. Baroreceptors

These receptors respond to pain caused by external and internal stimuli.
A. Chemoreceptors
B. Thermoreceptors
C. Photoreceptors
D. Mechanoreceptors
E. Nociceptors

E. Nociceptors

The most numerous type of receptor in the body is the:
A. chemoreceptor.
B. tactile receptor.
C. thermoreceptor.
D. nociceptor.
E. photoceptor.

B. tactile receptor.

There are three types of unencapsulated tactile receptors. Select the exception.
A. Free nerve endings
B. Sebaceous filaments
C. Root hair plexuses
D. Tactile discs

B. Sebaceous filaments

The battery of your electric toothbrush is running down and so you feel a low frequency vibration in your oral cavity. Which receptors detect this stimulus?
A. Root hair plexus
B. Free nerve ending
C. Bulbous corpuscle
D. End bulbs
E. All of the choices are correct

D. End bulbs

There are four types of encapsulated receptors. Select the exception.
A. End bulbs
B. Lamellated corpuscles
C. Arrector pili corpuscles
D. Ruffini corpuscles
E. Tactile corpuscles

C. Arrector pili corpuscles

The receptors responsible for detecting deep pressure and high-frequency vibration are:
A. Krause bulbs.
B. lamellated corpuscles.
C. arrector pili corpuscles.
D. Ruffini corpuscles.
E. tactile corpuscles.

B. lamellated corpuscles.

This receptor detects continuous deep pressure and distortion of the skin.
A. Krause bulbs
B. Lamellated corpuscles
C. Arrector pili corpuscles
D. Ruffini corpuscles
E. Tactile corpuscles

D. Ruffini corpuscles

Phasic receptors for light touch and texture are:
A. Krause bulbs.
B. lamellated corpuscles.
C. arrector pili corpuscles.
D. Ruffini corpuscles.
E. tactile corpuscles.

E. tactile corpuscles.

A person having a heart attack may feel pain along the medial side of the left arm. This pain is known as:
A. referred pain.
B. phantom pain.
C. selected pain.
D. covert pain.
E. masked pain.

A. referred pain.

Because numerous cutaneous and visceral sensory neurons conduct signals on \_______ ascending tracts of the spinal cord, the brain sometimes falsely localizes the location of a pain stimulus.
A. the same
B. very different

A. the same

Which papillae, distributed on the anterior two-thirds of the tongue surface, lack taste buds?
A. Papiform
B. Filiform
C. Fungiform
D. Vallate
E. Foliate

B. Filiform

The papillae located mainly on the tip and sides of the tongue that contain only a few taste buds each are the \_______ papillae.
A. papiform
B. filiform
C. fungiform
D. vallate
E. foliate

C. fungiform

The least numerous but the largest of the papillae are arranged as a V-shape on the posterior dorsal surface of the tongue. They contain the majority of taste buds and are called \_____ papillae.
A. papiform
B. filiform
C. fungiform
D. vallate
E. foliate

D. vallate

The least developed of the papilla types are the \______ papillae, which house only a few taste buds during infancy and early childhood.
A. papiform
B. filiform
C. fungiform
D. vallate
E. foliate

E. foliate

Which statement accurately describes structures at a taste bud?
A. The gustatory microvillus of a gustatory cell extends through the taste pore of a taste bud.
B. The gustatory villi of basal cells project through the taste bud to the surface of the epithelium.
C. The gustatory microvilus of a papilla projects through the gustatory pore to the gustatory glomerulus.
D. Basal cells contain villi that project through the pore of a papilla to make a taste bud.

A. The gustatory microvillus of a gustatory cell extends through the taste pore of a taste bud.

Gustatory cells within a taste bud are specialized neuroepithelial cells that have a \_________ life span.
A. 7-10 hour
B. 7-10 day
C. 7-10 week
D. 7-10 month
E. 7-10 year

B. 7-10 day

There are five basic taste sensations. Select the one mismatched with its causative agent.
A. Sweet; organic compounds such as sugar
B. Sour; hydrogen ions from acids such as those in lemons
C. Salty; metal ions such as potassium or sodium
D. Bitter; acids such as those in toxins or poisons
E. Umami; amino acids such as glutamate or aspartate found in chicken soup

D. Bitter; acids such as those in toxins or poisons

Caffeine and unsweetened chocolate both taste bitter, as they are:
A. alkaloids.
B. acids.
C. amino acids.
D. ions of heavy molecular weight.
E. carbohydrates.

A. alkaloids.

The flavor of food depends upon:
A. olfaction.
B. gustation.
C. both olfaction and gustation.
D. neither olfaction nor gustation.

C. both olfaction and gustation.

The route that the sensation of taste follows is:
a: Primary axons pass along cranial nerves VII and IX.
b: Primary neurons synapse in the nucleus solitarius.
c: Secondary neurons synapse in the thalamus.
d: Tertiary neurons travel to the primary gustatory cortex.
A. a, b, c, d
B. b, c, a, d
C. a, d, b, c
D. d, c, b, a
E. c, d, a, b

A. a, b, c, d

Olfactory receptor cells are \_____ neurons.
A. multipolar
B. unipolar
C. bipolar
D. nonpolar
E. apolar

C. bipolar

Which is not a cell type found in the olfactory epithelium?
A. Olfactory receptor cell
B. Supporting cell
C. Basal cell
D. Fungiform cell
E. No exceptions: all are examples of cells in the olfactory epithelium

D. Fungiform cell

Where would you find olfactory hairs?
A. Scattered among the lamina propria
B. At the apical surface of olfactory neurons
C. Buried within the olfactory glands
D. At the surface of supporting cells
E. Concentrated along basal cells

B. At the apical surface of olfactory neurons

Certain odors can initiate behavioral and emotional reactions because
A. the olfactory pathway is connected directly to the medulla oblongata.
B. there are widespread olfactory associations within the hypothalamus and limbic system.
C. olfactory sensations are interpreted at the prefrontal cortex.
D. the olfactory pathway is connected directly to the occipital lobe.
E. the sense of olfaction occurs immediately at the olfactory epithelium.

B. there are widespread olfactory associations within the hypothalamus and limbic system.

The olfactory tracts project:
A. directly to the primary olfactory cortex of the temporal lobe of the cerebrum.
B. directly to the primary olfactory cortex of the frontal lobe of the cerebrum.
C. to the thalamus and then to the primary olfactory cortex of the temporal lobe of the cerebrum.
D. to the thalamus and then to the primary olfactory cortex of the frontal lobe of the cerebrum.

A. directly to the primary olfactory cortex of the temporal lobe of the cerebrum.

Olfactory glomeruli are located in the:
A. thalamus.
B. olfactory epithelium.
C. olfactory bulbs.
D. hypothalamus.

C. olfactory bulbs.

Some odors cause visceral reactions, such as a gagging response to the smell of rotten food. Such responses are a result of olfactory pathways through the:
A. cerebellum.
B. amygdala.
C. thalamus.
D. hypothalamus.
E. cerebrum.

D. hypothalamus.

What molecules help concentrate odorants at the olfactory receptor cells?
A. Sustentacularin
B. Odorant-binding proteins
C. Volatile molecules
D. G-proteins
E. Tastants

B. Odorant-binding proteins

The conjunctiva is composed of \_____ epithelium.
A. simple squamous
B. simple cuboidal
C. stratified squamous
D. simple columnar
E. stratified keratinized

C. stratified squamous

The conjunctiva that lines the internal surface of the eyelids is termed the \_____ conjunctiva.
A. palpebral
B. retinal
C. ocular
D. epithelial
E. visceral

A. palpebral

The primary function of eyebrows is to:
A. allow the appropriate amount of light to enter the eye.
B. prevent excess light from entering the eye.
C. prevent objects from striking the eye.
D. prevent sweat from dripping into the open eye.
E. form a protective barrier of fat and hair to help shade the eye.

D. prevent sweat from dripping into the open eye.

Eyelids serve two purposes: one is to protect the eye and the other is to:
A. help distribute blood to the eye surface.
B. help distribute lacrimal fluid to cleanse and lubricate the surface.
C. help spread antiviral solution.
D. help to control the transmission of the nerve
E. prevent excess mucus from obscuring vision.

B. help distribute lacrimal fluid to cleanse and lubricate the surface.

What is the correct sequence for lacrimal fluid production and drainage?
a: Tears disperse across the surface of the eye.
b: Tears are produced by the lacrimal gland.
c: Fluid drains through the nasolacrimal duct.
d: Fluid enters the nasal cavity.
e: Fluid enters the lacrimal canaliculi and collects in the lacrimal sac.
A. a, b, c, d, e
B. b, a, c, d, e
C. c, a, d, b, e
D. b, a, e, c, d
E. c, a, b, e, d

D. b, a, e, c, d

The eye measures about \________ in diameter.
A. 2.5 mm
B. 12.5 mm
C. 2.5 cm
D. 12.5 cm
E. 22.5 cm

C. 2.5 cm

The proper sequence of eye layers from the outermost to the innermost layer is:
a: Neural tunic
b: Fatty tunic
c: Vascular tunic
d: Fibrous tunic
A. a, b, c
B. b, a, c
C. a, b, d
D. c, a, d
E. d, c, a

E. d, c, a

The fibrous tunic of the eye is composed of two parts. What are they?
A. The cornea and the sclera
B. The conjunctiva and the cornea
C. The conjunctiva and the sclera
D. The sclera and the retina
E. The sclera and the uvea

A. The cornea and the sclera

The structural continuity between the cornea and the sclera is called:
A. the substantia propria.
B. the limbus.
C. the uvea.
D. Decemet's membrane.
E. Schlemm's membrane.

B. the limbus.

The vascular tunic of the eye has three distinct regions. From anterior to posterior what are they?
a: Ciliary body
b: Choroid
c: Iris
A. a, b, c
B. b, a, c
C. c, a, b
D. c, b, a
E. b, c, a

C. c, a, b

The structure that functions as a diaphragm to control pupil size is the:
A. ora serrata.
B. suspensory ligament.
C. iris.
D. cornea.
E. anterior chamber.

C. iris.

If you were to cut a cross section of the retina and examine it under a microscope, what would be the order of features from the choroid to the posterior cavity?
a: Rods and cones
b: Ganglionic axons progressing to the optic nerve
c: Bipolar cells
d: Ganglion cells' bodies
e: Pigmented retina
A. a, b, c, d, e
B. e, a, c, d, b
C. c, a, e, d, b
D. d, e, a, b, c
E. e, d, c, b, a

B. e, a, c, d, b

Which eye feature provides vitamin A for photoreceptor cells?
A. Cornea
B. Conjunctiva
C. Sclera
D. Pigmented layer of the retina
E. Neural layer of the retina

D. Pigmented layer of the retina

What part of the retina lacks photoreceptors?
A. Optic disc
B. Macula lutea
C. Fovea centralis
D. Posterior retina
E. All choices are correct

A. Optic disc

What part of the retina is responsible for the sharpest vision?
A. Optic disc
B. Ora serrata
C. Fovea centralis
D. Posterior retina
E. All choices are correct

C. Fovea centralis

Where is the greatest concentration of cones located?
A. In the optic disc
B. In the ora serrata
C. In the fovea centralis
D. In the posterior retina
E. In the optic nerve

C. In the fovea centralis

Where would you find the protein crystallin?
A. In the retina
B. In the ciliary body
C. In the choroids
D. In the lens
E. In the optic nerve

D. In the lens

The lens of the eye flattens when:
A. ciliary muscles contract.
B. ciliary muscles relax.
C. extrinsic eye muscles contract.
D. extrinsic eye muscles relax.
E. intrinsic muscles of the iris contract.

B. ciliary muscles relax.

As a middle aged person gets older, the lenses of their eyes no longer assume as round of a shape when their ligaments slacken. This results in difficulty in:
A. seeing nearby objects.
B. seeing distant objects.
C. seeing colored objects.
D. seeing low contrast scenes.

A. seeing nearby objects.

A flattened lens:
A. is necessary for near vision.
B. is necessary for distant vision.
C. is necessary for both near and far vision.
D. only functions with color vision.
E. reflects light rays.

B. is necessary for distant vision.

Accommodation of the lens occurs when:
A. ciliary muscles contract.
B. the ciliary body moves closer to the lens.
C. parasympathetic axons stimulate the ciliary muscles.
D. the lens becomes more spherical.
E. All choices are correct

E. All choices are correct

The gelatinous mass inside of the eye is called the:
A. lacrimal secretion.
B. mucoid body.
C. vitreous humor.
D. hyaloid mass.
E. scleroid humor.

C. vitreous humor.

Which sequence correctly traces the pathway of aqueous humor in the eye?
a: Aqueous humor is secreted by epithelial ciliary cells.
b: Aqueous humor is released into the posterior chamber.
c: Aqueous humor is drained into the scleral venous sinus.
d: Aqueous humor washes over the lens and then passes through the pupil into the anterior chamber.
A. a, b, c, d
B. b, a, c, d
C. a, b, d, c
D. d, a, c, b
E. a, c, b, d

C. a, b, d, c

Which photoreceptor cells function in dim light?
A. Rods
B. Cones

A. Rods

Which photoreceptor cells are more numerous?
A. Rods
B. Cones

A. Rods

Sharp, color vision is a result of the function of:
A. rods.
B. cones.

B. cones.

A photopsin is a protein:
A. of a photopigment within cone photoreceptors.
B. of a photopigment within rod photoreceptors.
C. that is derived from Vitamin E.
D. that allows ions to flow into rod and cone photoreceptors.

A. of a photopigment within cone photoreceptors.

Phototransduction is the process in which:
A. retinal ganglion cells signal changes in the color of light.
B. bipolar cells signal the presence of contrast in a visual scene.
C. photoreceptors convert light energy to changes in membrane potential.
D. primary visual cortex recognizes and identifies a stimulus.

C. photoreceptors convert light energy to changes in membrane potential.

When light strikes rhodopsin, the retinal is converted:
A. from cis to trans, and retinal and opsin combine.
B. from cis to trans, and retinal and opsin disassociate.
C. from trans to cis, and retinal and opsin combine.
D. from trans to cis, and retinal and opsin disassociate.

B. from cis to trans, and retinal and opsin disassociate.

When light strikes a photoreceptor it:
A. deporlarizes and releases more neurotransmitter.
B. depolarizes and releases less neurotransmitter.
C. hyperpolarizes and releases more neurotransmitter.
D. hyperpolarizes and releases less neurotransmitter.

D. hyperpolarizes and releases less neurotransmitter.

It may take nearly a half hour for rods of the retina to regenerate a full supply of photopigment during the process of:
A. dark adaptation.
B. light adaptation.
C. lateral inhibition.
D. opsinization.

A. dark adaptation.

The "dark current" of photoreceptors refers to:
A. the exit of Na+ out of the cell when light is not hitting the cell.
B. the entry of Na+ into the cell when light is not hitting the cell.
C. the entry of K+ into the cell when light is not hitting the cell.
D. the exit of K+ out of the cell when light is not hitting the cell.

B. the entry of Na+ into the cell when light is not hitting the cell.

Which sequence correctly traces the visual pathway followed by the majority of axons?
a: Optic nerve
b: Optic chiasm
c: Occipital lobe
d: Lateral geniculate nucleus of thalamus
A. a, b, c, d
B. b, a, d, c
C. a, d, c, b
D. c, a, b, d
E. a, b, d, c

E. a, b, d, c

Most axons within the optic tract terminate in the:
A. temporal lobe of the cerebral cortex.
B. occipital lobe of the cerebral cortex.
C. lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus.
D. medial geniculate nucleus of the thalamus.

C. lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus.

At the optic chiasm:
A. all axons from each optic nerve cross to the opposite side of the brain.
B. none of the axons actually cross to the opposite side of the brain.
C. ganglion cell axons from the medial region of each retina cross to the opposite side of the brain.
D. ganglion cell axons from the lateral region of each retina cross to the opposite side of the brain.

C. ganglion cell axons from the medial region of each retina cross to the opposite side of the brain.

Some prey animals, such as rabbits, have laterally placed eyes, and the images on their two retinas do not overlap. Such animals would be expected to show \_________ depth perception.
A. excellent
B. poor

B. poor

When our brains process visual information about objects directly in front of us, they are able to use information that compares signals from the two eyes (steroscopic vision) in order to provide:
A. depth perception.
B. color perception.
C. motion detection.
D. brightness levels.

A. depth perception.

The middle and inner ear are housed within the \_____ bone.
A. sphenoid
B. maxillary
C. frontal
D. occipital
E. temporal

E. temporal

What is the function of the auditory tube?
A. To transmit sound waves to the inner ear
B. To equalize air pressure between the atmosphere and the middle ear
C. To prevent the invasion of microorganisms into the inner ear
D. To provide a passageway for fluid from the middle to the inner ear
E. To provide an airway between the middle and inner ear

B. To equalize air pressure between the atmosphere and the middle ear

Arrange the inner ear bones from lateral to medial.
a: Stapes
b: Incus
c: Malleus
A. a, b, c
B. b, a, c
C. c, a, b
D. a, c, b
E. c, b, a

E. c, b, a

Where is the saccule located?
A. Within the middle ear
B. Lateral to the auditory ossicles
C. Within the cochlea
D. Within the vestibule
E. In the auditory tube

D. Within the vestibule

Which structure is not considered to be part of the membranous labyrinth?
A. Scala vestibuli
B. Semicircular duct
C. Saccule
D. Cochlear duct
E. Utricle

A. Scala vestibuli

The function of the ossicles is to:
A. detect acceleration of the head.
B. amplify sound waves and transmit them to the inner ear.
C. determine static head position.
D. support the tympanic membrane and protect hair cells of the inner ear.
E. initiate action potentials that propagate to the inner ear.

B. amplify sound waves and transmit them to the inner ear.

The footplate of the stapes is:
A. much larger than the tympanic membrane and the ossicles therefore amplify sound waves.
B. much smaller than the tympanic membrane and the ossicles therefore amplify sound waves.
C. much larger than the tympanic membrane and the ossicles therefore dampen sound waves.
D. much smaller than the tympanic membrane and the ossicles therefore dampen sound waves

B. much smaller than the tympanic membrane and the ossicles therefore amplify sound waves.

The part of the cochlea that converts pressure waves (from sounds) into changes in membrane potentials is the:
A. modiolus.
B. scala tympani.
C. spiral organ.
D. scala vestibuli.
E. helicotrema.

C. spiral organ.

What is the correct chronological sequence of events for hearing?
a: The tympanic membrane vibrates.
b: Ossicles vibrate.
c: Spiral organ hair cells convert stimulus to nerve impulse.
d: Pressure waves from oval window travel through the scala vestibuli.
A. a, b, c, d
B. b, c, d, a
C. c, b, a, d
D. a, b, d, c
E. e, c, , a, b

D. a, b, d, c

The stereocilia of cochlear hair cells project into the:
A. modiolus.
B. basilar membrane.
C. tectorial membrane.
D. helicotrema.
E. spiral ganglion.

C. tectorial membrane.

High frequency sounds activate neurons within the cochlea that are:
A. near the oval window at the base of the cochlea.
B. far from the oval window at the apex of the cochlea.
C. along the entire length of the cochlea.

A. near the oval window at the base of the cochlea.

The \_______ of a sound stimulus is interpreted as its pitch and measured in hertz, whereas its \_______ is referred to as its loudness and is measured in decibels.
A. frequency, timbre
B. frequency, intensity
C. timbre, intensity
D. intensity, frequency

B. frequency, intensity

After being funneled by the auricle, sound waves pass (in sequence) through the:
A. external acoustic meatus, tympanic membrane, ossicles, and oval window.
B. external acoustic meatus, oval window, ossicles, and cochlea.
C. external acoustic meatus, tympanic membrane, internal acoustic meatus, and oval window.
D. internal acoustic meatus, tympanic membrane, oval window, and ossicles.
E. internal acoustic meatus, tympanic membrane, ossicles, and round window.

A. external acoustic meatus, tympanic membrane, ossicles, and oval window.

After causing vibrations of the maleus, sound waves pass (in sequence) through the:
A. stapes, round window, scala externa perilymph, scala media endolymph, and oval window.
B. incus, stapes, oval window, scala vestibuli perilymph, and cochlear duct endolymph.
C. oval window, scala tympani perilymph, scala vestibuli endolymph, and spiral organ.
D. incus, stapes, oval window, scala tympani endolymph, scala vestibuli, and helicotrema.
E. stapes, incus, round window, scala media perilymph, and scala vestibuli endolymph.

B. incus, stapes, oval window, scala vestibuli perilymph, and cochlear duct endolymph.

Distortion of hair cells in the cochlea causes:
A. initiation of action potentials in CN VI.
B. bending of the basilar membrane.
C. movement of the tympanic membrane.
D. initiation of action potentials in CN VIII.

D. initiation of action potentials in CN VIII.