Biology Chapter 2.5 Review

The process by which living organisms produce larger molecules from smaller ones

What is the definition of biosynthesis?

Compounds that contain carbon

What is the definition of organic compounds?

Covalent Bonds

What kind of bonds does carbon have when it bonds to other carbon?

Straight and branched chains, rings, and single, double, or triple bonds

What shapes do carbon bonds form?

Provide possibilities of different functions for all forms and the ability to form stable bonds

What is the importance of the shapes that carbon forms?

1. Structural: Help with cell walls/membrane
2. Enzymatic: Enzymes
3. Storage: Store energy

What are 3 functions of organic compounds?

1. Carbohydrates
2. Lipids
3. Proteins
4. Nucleic Acids

What are the 4 groups of organic compounds?

Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen

What are carbohydrates made of?

Store energy

What do carbohydrates do?

Single sugar molecule, simplest form of sugar

What is the definition of monosaccharide?

Double sugar, two monosaccharide joined by dehydration

What is the definition of disaccharide?

Monosaccharide

What type of saccharide is glucose?

Plants

Where does glucose come from?

A chemical reaction in which two molecules covalently bond to each other with the removal of a water molecule

What is the definition of dehydration synthesis?

Milk and dairy

Where is lactose found?

Fruits, vegetables, plants, and table sugar

Where is sucrose found?

Breaking down complex molecules by the chemical addition of water

What is the definition of hydrolysis?

Polysaccharide

What type of saccharide is starch and glycogen?

Energy storage in plants

What is the definition of starch?

Energy storage in animals

What is the definition glycogen?

Plants walls/membrane

Where is cellulose found?

Supports the functioning of the digestive system

Why is cellulose important to humans even though they can't digest it?

Polysaccharide

What type of saccharide is cellulose?

Toughness and flexibility

What is chitin used for?

Insects, lobsters, shrimp, and clams

What animals consist of chitin?

Lungs and gut

Where is chitin found in the human body?

Polysaccharide

What type of saccharide is chitin?

Fats and oils for storing energy

What is the definition of lipids?

Helps with structure and stores extra energy

What are the functions of lipids?

They dissolve if a small but still perceptible amount of solute is added, but they do not dissolve if too much is added

What does it mean when it says lipids are semi-soluble?

2 x more

How much energy can lipids store compared to muscle?

Like water

What does it mean to be hydrophilic?

Dislike water

What does it mean to be hydrophobic?

Fats, stores energy, three fatty acids

What are triglycerides?

3 fatty acids

What do triglycerides look like?

Fats with the maximum number of hydrogens, single bonds, unhealthy, solid at room temp.

What is the definition of saturated?

Fats with less than the maximum number of hydrogens, double bonds, healthy, liquid

What is the definition of unsaturated?

Phospholipids

What are cell membranes made of?

Make a person unique, provides support and function

What is the purpose of proteins?

Amino acids

What are the building blocks of protein?

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, and Nitrogen

What elements make up proteins?

20

How many amino acids are there?

9

How many amino acids are essential?

Determines the shape of protein

Why is the order of amino acids important?

Peptide bonds

What type of bonds hold amino acids together?

Might not function

What happens if the shape of amino acids is broken?

DNA, RNA, and polypeptide chains

What are made by nucleic acids?

Contains the genetic information for the development and function of an organism

What is the importance of DNA?

Biological catalyst

What is the definition of enzyme?

Lowers activation energy and increase the rate for reaction to occur

What is the definition of catalyst?

Proteins

What are most enzymes made of?

Catalysis

What does it mean to reduce the activation energy?

Prevents enzymes from functioning (sickness and viruses)

What happens to the function of enzymes if your body is no longer in homeostasis?

1. Substrates bind to an enzyme at certain place called active sites
2. The enzyme bring substrates together and weakens their bonds
3. The catalyzed reaction forms a product that is released from the enzyme

What is the lock and key model for enzymes?

Thing being dissolved

What is the definition of solute?

Thing doing the dissolving

What is the definition of solvent?

Ratio of solute in the solvent

What is the definition of concentration?

Molecule with particle charges (+ and -), mixes with water

What does it mean that water is polar?

Hydrogen Bonds

What type of bonds do water molecules form between each other?

Attraction between molecules of different substances

What is the definition of adhesion?

Attraction between molecules of the same substance

What is the definition of cohesion?

It takes more energy to increase the temperature

What does it mean that water has a high specific heat?

It allows for homeostasis and temperature regulation

What does high specific heat allow to take place on earth and in the human body?

A substance that increases the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution

What is an acid?

0 - 6.99

What numbers is an acid on the pH scale?

A substance that decreases the hydrogen ion concentration in a solution

What is a base?

7.01 - 14

What numbers is a base on the pH scale?

Neither an acid or a base

What is a neutral substance?

7

What numbers is a neutral substance on the pH scale?

Two fatty acid molecules, makes cell membranes, outside is hydrophilic and inside is hydrophobic

What is a Phospholipid?

A thin polar membrane made of two layers of phospholipids that separate cells from the environment.

What is a Phospholipid bilayer?