exam 3

DNA nucleotide consists of…

phosphate group, deoxy sugar, one of the four bases

what are the four bases for DNA

Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, Guanine

Adenine and Guanine are what structures

double ring (purines)

Uracil, Thymine, Cytosine are what structures

single ring structure (pyrimidines)

nucleotides of a single strand of DNA are held together by…

sugar phosphate lipids

what is the sugar phosphate back bone made of?

two linking repeating chains of two alternating molecules

A and T will form what hydrogen bond

2

C and G will form what hydrogen bonds?

3

DNA is double stranded while RNA is …

single stranded

RNA nucleotides contains a sugar known as ribose sugar where as DNA contains

deoxyribose

DNA contains T Thymine while RNA has..

U Uracil

replication is…

semiconservative

replication begins…

at the replication origin

what is seen as a A-T rich region

Replication Origin

AUG is

start codon

UAA means

STOP

UAG means

STOP

UGA means

STOP

UAA,UAG,UGA are all what

stop codons

the process of converting mRNA into proteins is..

translation

ribosomes will read mRNA as three letter sequences known as

codons

codons are a

triplet of nucleotides on mRNA that encodes for ONE amino acid

at the bottom of each tRNA is..

an anticodon

what is an anticodon?

a complementary of a codon of a mRNA

for stop codons what is tRNA’s response

they dont respond, translation ends.

a change in a nucleotide sequence is seen as

a mutation

a randome change in the DNA from errors during rep that occur randomly is..

Spontaneous mutation

exposure from physical or chemical agents that interacts with DNA in disruptive manner is…

induced mutation

a single change/ substitution in 1 of the bases for another in a specific location in a gene is

point mutation

a deletion or addition in one or more bases is

frameshift mutation

what is genetic engineering

a purposeful manipulation of genetic material to alter characteristics

Recombinant DNA technology is

process of removing genetic material from 1 organisms and combining it with that of a different organism

a lvl of an antimicrobial drug that causes damage to the host is …

toxic dosage level

amount of a drug that is successful in eliminating the pathogenic org from a patient if maintained over a period that is..

Therapeutic dosage level

the ability the drug to kill and inhibit microorganisms but not the host is..

selective toxicity

for a drug you would wish that

they go after structure that they solely have,, such as peptidoglycan

a broad spectrum drug is

a drug effective against more than one group of bacteria

what is a CON of broad spectrum drug?

since they kill a wide range, they also have potential of killing your norm biota (may cause a superinfection)

What is a PRO for a broad spectrum drug

best for emergencies, and unknown illness as the patient may be critically ill

a super infection is known to

come from previous illness if med isnt take to full duration

inhibition of cell wall synthesis uses

beta lactam ring is used to destroys peptidoglycan in bacterial cell walls

the drug mechanism of action that uses penicillin and vancomycin are ..

inhibition of cell wall synthesis

disruption of the cell membrane does what

destroys phospholipids in the cell membrane in bacteria

the drug mechanism of action that uses polymxin is

disruption of cell membrane function

inhibition of protein synthesis for the inhibiting of the ribosomal subunit 30s

streptomycin & tetracycline

inhibition of protein synthesis for the inhibiting of the ribosomal subunit 50s

erythromycin & chloramphenicol

Inhibition of Nucleic acid synthesis Rifampin binds to RNA polymerase inhibiting the synthesis of..?

RNA

Inhibition of Nucleic acid synthesis ciprofloxacin inhibits DNA replication in bacteria through inhibition of ..

DNA Gyrase enzyme

Anti metabolic activity include

sulfa drugs & trimethoprim

for horizontal gene transfer bacteriam can acquire new info which three ways

transduction, transformation, conjugation

transformation is acquired from….

picking items from the environment like naked DNA and absorbs it

transduction is acquired from..

genetic info from bacteriophage

conjugation is acquired from

gene info being passed and acquire from one bacteria to another through pili appendage