stein final review flashcards

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MLA Works Cited Page

A list of sources used in a research paper, formatted according to MLA guidelines.

MLA In-Text Citations

Short citations in parentheses within the body of a paper to credit sources.

Research Question

A clear, focused question that guides your research.

Thesis

A statement presenting the main argument of an essay.

Citation

A reference to a source used in your work.

Vedas

Ancient Hindu sacred texts.

Brahman

The universal soul in Hinduism.

Dharma

Moral and religious duties in Hinduism.

Caste

Hindu social class system.

Varna

Sanskrit word for caste/class.

Samsara

The cycle of birth, death, and rebirth.

Karma

The law of cause and effect for actions.

Moksha

Liberation from the cycle of rebirth.

Atman

The individual soul or self.

Siddhartha Gautama / The Buddha

Founder of Buddhism.

Nirvana

State of liberation and peace in Buddhism.

Middle Way

A path of balance between extremes.

Eightfold Path

Eight steps to end suffering and attain enlightenment.

Four Noble Truths

Core beliefs about suffering and how to overcome it.

Dynastic Cycle

Rise and fall of dynasties in China.

Mandate of Heaven

Belief that rulers are chosen by the heavens.

Legalism

Philosophy emphasizing strict laws and punishments.

Civil Service Exam

Exams to select government officials in China.

Daoism

Philosophy focused on harmony with nature.

Confucius

Chinese philosopher and founder of Confucianism.

The Analects

Collection of Confucius’s teachings.

Filial Piety

Respect for one’s parents and ancestors.

The Dao

“The Way” — universal force in Daoism.

Wu-Wei

“Non-action” or effortless action in Daoism.

Torah

Jewish sacred text.

Abraham

Founder of Judaism.

Moses

Led Israelites from Egypt; received Ten Commandments.

Kingdom of Israel

Ancient Jewish nation.

Yom Kippur

Jewish Day of Atonement.

10 Commandments

Laws given to Moses by God.

Diaspora

Scattering of Jewish people worldwide.

Jesus

Central figure of Christianity.

Heaven and Hell

Christian beliefs about the afterlife.

Holy Trinity

Father, Son, and Holy Spirit.

Christmas and Easter

Celebrations of Jesus’s birth and resurrection.

Virgin Mary

Mother of Jesus.

Holy Bible

Sacred Christian scriptures.

Edict of Milan

Law legalizing Christianity in the Roman Empire.

The Prophet Muhammad

Founder of Islam.

Qur’an

Holy book of Islam.

Mecca

Islam’s holiest city.

“People of the Book”

Islamic term for Jews and Christians.

5 Pillars of Islam

Basic duties of Muslims.

Hajj

Pilgrimage to Mecca.

Sunni/Shia

Two major sects of Islam.

Caliph

Successor to Muhammad.

Caliphate

Islamic government led by a caliph.

Baghdad

Capital of the Abbasid Caliphate.

House of Wisdom

Major learning center in Baghdad.

Umayyad and Abbasid Caliphates

Islamic dynasties known for expansion and culture.

Sahara Desert

Largest desert in Africa.

Savannah

Grassy plains with scattered trees.

Sahel

Transition zone between desert and forest.

Kingdom of Aksum

Ancient East African kingdom known for trade.

Gold-Salt Trade

Important West African trading network.

Mansa Musa

Wealthy ruler of Mali; promoted Islam.

Empire of Mali

Powerful West African empire.

Swahili City-States

Coastal trade cities in East Africa.

Great Zimbabwe

Powerful Southern African trading center.

Indian Ocean Trade

Trade routes connecting Africa, Asia, and Arabia.

Monsoon Wind

Seasonal winds used for sailing and trade.

Feudalism

Social system based on land and loyalty.

Pyramid

Social hierarchy of feudalism.

Manor

Lord’s estate in medieval Europe.

Vikings

Norse warriors and explorers.

Three Field System

Farming rotation method to increase production.

Vassal

A person granted land for service.

Pope Urban II

Called for the First Crusade.

Infidel

Non-believer; often used during the Crusades.

Antisemitism

Prejudice against Jews.

Impact on Feudalism

Weakened feudal bonds due to Crusades.

Trade (from Crusades)

Increased between Europe and the East.

Growth of Towns

Urbanization following the Crusades.

Black Death

Plague that killed millions in Europe.

Humanism

Focus on human achievements and potential.

Renaissance Man

A person skilled in many fields.

Chiaroscuro

Use of light/dark in art.

Linear Perspective

Technique for depth in art.

Secularism

Focus on worldly matters over religion.

Martin Luther

Leader of Protestant Reformation.

Indulgences

Church’s sale of forgiveness.

Printing Press

Helped spread the ideas of the protestant reformation and the renaissance

St. Peter’s Basilica

Church funded by indulgences.

95 Theses

Martin Luther’s criticisms of the Church.

Protestant

Christian groups breaking from Catholicism.

Vernacular

Everyday spoken language.

Old World vs. New World

Europe/Asia/Africa vs. the Americas.

Absolutism

Total power held by a monarch.

Zheng He and the Ming Treasure Fleet

Chinese naval explorations.

Inca

South American empire.

Quipu

Inca record-keeping with knotted strings.

Colombian Exchange

Exchange of goods, diseases, and people.

Francisco Pizzaro

Spanish conqueror of the Inca.

Triangle Trade

Trade between Europe, Africa, and Americas.

Middle Passage

Brutal sea journey of enslaved Africans.