Begin, euk, pro

Flashcards covering key vocabulary and concepts from the SM 1501 lecture notes.

Earth's Origin

The planet Earth was created approximately 4.6 billion years ago.

First Sign of Life

Organisms found in a rock in Australia, dating back 3.5 billion years ago.

Atmospheric Events Theory

Violent conditions, volcanic eruptions, and storms may have combined specific atoms and molecules to create life.

Atoms and Molecules for Life

Carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen

Molecules Found Within Cells

Proteins (polymers of amino acids), DNA, and RNA (polynucleotides).

Compartmentalization

Promotes cell functionality by creating different compartments, each with a specific job.

Plasma Membrane

Surrounds the cell, maintains homeostasis, is selectively permeable, communicates with the environment, and promotes adhesion.

Cell Theory

States all organisms are composed of cells, cells are the fundamental units of life, and all cells come from pre-existing cells.

Robert Hooke

Described cells in 1665 using a rudimental microscope by observing a tiny slice of cork.

What did Hunter Van Lewenhock describe

Described Spirogyra algae

Seeing Cells

Requires a microscope due to cells typically being smaller than 200 micrometers in size.

Light Microscope

Uses light to visualize objects with specific sensitivity and resolution.

Electron Microscope

Allows for seeing the ultrastructure of cell components in detail.

Light Microscope Visuals

Includes black dots representing the nucleus.

Fluorescence Microscope

Uses stains that color different cell structures and reflect light at specific wavelengths.

Cell Shape

Cells need to exchange information and interact with the environment, leading to different shapes based on their duties.

Different Kinds of Cells

Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya

Bacteria

Usually unicellular cells.

Alkarya

The halfway point between a prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell.

Eukaryotic Cells

More complex than bacteria and compose the more complex living organisms.

Key Difference: Prokaryotic vs Eukaryotic

Do not have a nucleus.

Prokaryotic Cell Components

You can identify a plasma membrane, nucleoid, ribosomes, and cytoplasm.

Cell Wall

Made of peptidoglycan; provides defense; its composition helps differentiate bacteria types.

Antibiotics

Molecules able to penetrate the cell wall, disrupting it and killing the bacteria.

Mycoplasma

Lacks a cell wall, making treatment with antibiotics ineffective.

Channel Bacteria

Contain organelles that provide energy through photosynthesis.

Flagella

Locomotory structures that allow bacteria to move.

Pili Structure

Involved in transferring information and promoting adhesion between bacteria.

Shapes of Bacteria

Bacillus (rod-shaped), Cocci (spherical), and Spirella (spiral-shaped).

Binary Fission

Process where bacteria replicate DNA and segregate it to two bacteria, promoting division.

Inclusions

Deposits within the cytoplasm of prokaryotic cells storing lipids, starch, or glycogen.

Endospores

Dormant structures that allow bacteria to survive in extreme conditions.

Cells: The Basic Unit of Life

Cells are the basic unit of life and show all features of living organisms.

Where can Eukaryotic Cells be Found?

Animals, plants, fungi, and protists.

Compartmentalization

Key element for eukaryotic cells; allows them to function properly through specific roles/functions of each compartment.

Membranes

Protects organelles, allows the exchange of molecules/substances, and protects from dangerous elements.

Animal Cell

Contains a rough endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, cytoskeleton, Golgi apparatus, smooth endoplasmic reticulum, plasma membrane, peroxisome, centrioles, and ribosomes.

Plant Cell

Contains rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum, plasma membrane, mitochondria, Golgi apparatus, nucleus, ribosomes, cell wall, chloroplast, and vacuoles.

Nucleus

The largest organelle; contains DNA; replication of DNA happens here.

Nuclear Pores

Allows exchange of RNA and DNA between the nucleus and cytoplasm.

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

Full of ribosomes, close to the nucleus, receives RNA to make proteins and releases them into the cytoplasm.

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

Chemical modifications, transport of drugs within a cell, hydrolysis of glycogen, and synthesis of lipids and steroids.

Glycogen

A multi-branched polysaccharide of glucose; a way for cells to store glucose.

Ribosomes

Aid in protein synthesis.

Ribosome Structure

Different in bacteria and eukaryotic cells; this is why antibiotics targeting protein synthesis are so specific.

Golgi Apparatus

Receives proteins created and puts stamps to send them to the right part of the cell.

Cis Face

The receiving side of the Golgi apparatus.

Trans Face

The secretory side of the Golgi apparatus.

Golgi Apparatus Vesicles

Merge with themselves and are mostly recycled.

Lysosomes

Contain specific enzymes that digest food, foreign material, and potentially dangerous substances.

Phagocytosis

Process in which cells take on board something, involving the plasma membrane's flexibility and backward movement.

Mitochondria

Organelle in which the energy required by a eukaryotic cell is produced, contains its own DNA.

RNA Theories

Hypothesized in an ancient cell, a bacteria was engulfed, modified in order to became the mitochondria.

plastids

Can only be found in plants and protists; chloroplasts are part of this family; provides color and carries out photosynthesis

Contents of Plastids

Starch (amyloplasts), lipids (lyoplasts), and proteins (protanoplasts).

Structure of Chloroplast

Has an outer membrane, intermembrane, an inner membrane; within the inner membrane, the stroma consists of thylakoid.

Similarities Between Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells

DNA, plasma membrane, ribosomes, and similar metabolism.

Difference Between Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells

Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus, surrounded by a membrane, as well as having the presence of organelles that are also surrounded by membranes.

Prokaryotic Cell DNA

Can be found around the cytoplasm.

Eukaryotic Cell DNA

Within the nucleus surrounded by a membrane.