Soil

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What is the topic of today's lecture?

Soil and Agriculture.

What are the factors for soil formation?

Parent rock, vegetation, climate, time, relief feature.

What does parent rock decide about soil?

Color and texture.

What does time decide about soil?

Thickness.

What is unweathered rock in soil horizons?

Parent rock.

What is the weathered rock horizon called?

C horizon.

What is the eluviation layer in soil horizons?

B layer.

What is the topsoil layer called?

A layer.

What is the organic layer called?

O layer.

Why is there no soil on steep mountain slopes?

Because of runoff/erosion.

What is the full form of ICAR?

Indian Council of Agricultural Research.

Where is the headquarters of ICAR located?

New Delhi.

How many categories has ICAR categorized soil into?

Eight.

Which soil type covers 40% of India's area?

Alluvial soil.

Which is the most common soil in India?

Alluvial soil.

Where is alluvial soil found in India?

Northern Plains, river deltas.

What are the two types of alluvial soil?

Khadar and Bhangar.

Which alluvial soil is new?

Khadar.

Which alluvial soil is old?

Bhangar.

Which nutrient is alluvial soil rich in?

Potash.

Which nutrient is alluvial soil deficient in?

Phosphorus.

How is alluvial soil formed?

Due to river sediments.

Which soil type is second most common in India?

Red soil.

What percentage of India's area does red soil cover?

18%.

How is red soil formed?

Weathering of metamorphic rocks.

Why is red soil red?

Due to iron oxide.

What color does red soil turn into on hydration?

Yellow.

Where is red soil typically found?

Water-deficit regions.

What percentage of India's area does black soil cover?

15%.

What is another name for black soil?

Regur.

What is the nature of black soil?

Clayey, sticky.

What is the water holding capacity of black soil?

Very high.

What characteristic do cracks in dry black soil show?

Self-ploughing.

Where is black soil mainly found?

North Western Peninsula.

What is the origin of black soil?

Volcanic.

Which crop is black soil most suitable for?

Cotton.

How many frost-free days are required for cotton cultivation?

210.

How does sand content in alluvial soil change from West to East?

Decreases.

What percentage of India's area does laterite soil cover?

4.3%.

How is laterite soil formed?

Leaching process.

What is leaching process?

Important minerals wash away.

Where is laterite soil found?

High temperature and rainfall.

What is laterite soil also known as?

Brick soil.

Why is laterite soil called brick soil?

The term 'Later' means brick.

Where is laterite soil commonly found?

Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Kerala.

What is arid soil's texture?

Sandy.

What is the nature of arid soil?

Saline.

Where is arid soil found?

Rajasthan, Gujarat.

What is used to treat alkaline soil?

Gypsum.

What is used to treat acidic soil?

Lime.

Where is marshy peaty soil found?

Coasts/Mangrove forests.

What is high in marshy peaty soil?

Organic matter, humus.

Where is desert soil found?

Rajasthan, Gujarat, Haryana.

What is high in mountain soil?

Humus content.

What is soil erosion?

Movement of soil.

What is weathering?

Rock breaking.

Name some erosional agents.

Wind, glacier, river water.

What is sheet erosion?

Layer by layer removal.

Which river is known for causing gully erosion and ravines?

Chambal River.

What is contour bunding?

Barriers to slow water velocity.

What is shelter belt used for?

Stopping wind erosion.

What is terrace farming?

Step-like farming on hills.

What is mulching used for?

Retaining soil moisture.

What is the Black Revolution associated with?

Petroleum.

What is the Blue Revolution associated with?

Fish.

What is the Brown Revolution associated with?

Leather.

What is the Golden Revolution associated with?

Fruits and Honey.

What is the Green Revolution associated with?

Food grains.

What is the Grey Revolution associated with?

Fertilizers.

What is the Pink Revolution associated with?

Onion.

What is the Red Revolution associated with?

Meat and Tomato.

What is the Silver Revolution associated with?

Egg and Poultry.

What is the White Revolution associated with?

Milk and Dairy.

What is the Yellow Revolution associated with?

Oilseed.

What is the Evergreen Revolution associated with?

Overall developments.

Who is the father of Yellow Revolution?

Sam Pitroda.

Who is the father of White Revolution?

Dr. Verghese Kurien.

What is another name for White Revolution?

Operation Flood.

Who is the father of Blue Revolution?

Hiralal Chaudhry.

Who is the father of Green Revolution (overall)?

Norman Borlaug.

When was Norman Borlaug awarded the Nobel Peace Prize?

1970.

Who is the father of Green Revolution in India?

MS Swaminathan.

Which award did MS Swaminathan receive in 2024?

Bharat Ratna.

What is Primitive Subsistence Farming?

Farming using old tools.

What is another name for Slash and Burn Agriculture?

Shifting Agriculture.

What is shifting agriculture also known as?

Sthanantarit Krishi.

Is shifting agriculture good for the environment?

No.

What is shifting cultivation called in North East India?

Jhoom (Trick: Jhoom jaoge North East mein itne rajya hain Seven Sisters hain kahan konsa hai pata hi nahi chalega jhoom jaoge).

What is shifting cultivation called in Western Ghats?

Kumari (Trick: Western Ghats mein jo Akshay Kumar hai wo uchhal kood macha raha hai).

What is shifting cultivation called in Odisha?

Bama, Dabi, Bringa (Trick: Osa yaad kar lo jo Tina Dabi Osa mein hain).

What is shifting cultivation called in Andhra Pradesh?

Podu, Penda (Trick: Kuchipudi Podu Penda hai na Pudi hoti hai Pudi Podu Kuchipudi kahan ka Andhra Pradesh classical dance hai to aise yaad kar lo).

What is shifting cultivation called in Chhattisgarh and Andaman Nicobar?

Deepa.

What is shifting cultivation called in Rajasthan?

Walre.

What is shifting cultivation called in Jharkhand?

Kurwa (Trick: Rua rone lagta hai koi jab cheez uski toot jati hai khand-khand ho jati hai Balraj karke yaad kar lo).

What is shifting cultivation called in Madhya Pradesh?

Bewar, Dahia (Trick: Devar ji dahi pi rahe hain Madhya mein).

What is shifting cultivation called in Indonesia?

Ladang (Trick: Ladaang IndoPak ki ladai hoti rehti hai bas IndoPak Indo Indonesia Ladang).

What is shifting cultivation called in Mexico?

Milpa (Trick: MC Milpa M se Mexico).

What is shifting cultivation called in Sri Lanka?

Chena (Trick: Chhenak bahut khate hain Sri Lanka ke log).

What is shifting cultivation called in Vietnam?

Ray (Trick: Re naam ka ladka rehta hai ek to Re Vietnam Vietnam Re).