Criminology Exam #2

Gentrification

Modern example of an area invading another area

older youth

Breakdown in neighborhood conditions leads to delinquents learning criminal activities from

Zone I

Center circle in Burgess’ zone model

scientific testing

Chicago School of criminology epitomized using theoretical development and

Clifford Shaw and Henry McKay

Proposed framework assuming certain neighborhoods have more crime

Ernest W. Burgess

Proposed theory of city growth from inside outward

social Darwinism

Survival of the fittest Shaw and McKay rejected this influence on crime

social disorganization

Original research did not measure this construct

Concentric circles

Model assuming all cities grow with same five zones

Chicago

Fastest-growing US city by 1900

zone in transition

Zone once residential becoming industrial

Zone III; Zone IV

Workingmen's homes and higher-priced family dwellings

Example of heterogeneity

city where the people are from a variety of ethnic backgrounds

transient residents and unemployment

Two additional factors in high crime areas

violence

Culturally learned adaptation to deal with negative life circumstances

subculture

Pocket of individuals with deviant norms

Walter Miller’s six focal concerns

fate; autonomy; trouble; toughness; excitement; smartness

Statement true about lower-class focal concerns

Most adults in the lower class attempt to socialize their children to believe in conventional values

Cultural/subcultural theories of crime assumption

True

Concentric circles theoretical framework has support

False

Shaw and McKay’s micro-level focus criticized

True

Chicago School can be generalized to other cities

True

Delinquency rates depend on ethnic group in Zone II

False

isolation

Code of the streets theory by Anderson claims black Americans feel hopelessness

Radial growth refers to development from outside inward

False

Concentric circles assume cities grow in five zones

True

Code of the streets: disrespected is grounds for physical attack

True

US studies show no large groups deny middle-class norms

False

Neighborhood watch groups are most effective in inner-city

False

Intraracial crime is more common than interracial

True

passive

Organism in classical conditioning

media

Critical influence Sutherland left out of differential association theory

Differential associations vary in all EXCEPT

moderation

Neutralizing technique in corporate settings

metaphor of the ledger

Most empirically valid contemporary model

differential reinforcement theory

Law of imitation not part of Tarde’s laws

the inferior is imitated by the superior

conformity

Four constructs of social bonding theory EXCEPT

Gray area between free will and determinism

drift

Households where parents have similar power

Power-control theory

Matza’s drift theory assumptions EXCEPT

selfish tendencies appear only during the teenage years

Control theory

People would naturally commit crimes without restraints

Differential identification

Theory accounting for media associations

Control theories focus on why individuals

are not socialized into conforming behavior

blank slate

Tabula rasa meaning

operant

Conditioning concerned with reinforcements and punishments

Reason for “neutralization” theory

people justify and rationalize behavior they know is wrong

assessment of gain

Technique of neutralization not recognized

Two techniques most used by white-collar criminals

denial of the victim and denial of responsibility

Control theories: all people commit crimes without

restraints like social attachments and investments in society

Low self-control theory assumption

individuals are born predisposed to self-centered activities and only effective child rearing and socialization can overcome this fact

Child must learn self-control by age

10

Sutherland influenced by Shaw and McKay’s concept

True

Sutherland: learned about crime through media role models

True

Burgess and Aker: delinquent associations could occur after criminal activity

True

Sutherland’s differential association theory hard to test

True

Notion of collective conscience as early form of social bonding

True

Assumption of innate antisocial tendencies controversial

True

Sutherland: propensity to commit crimes largely inherited

False

Most criminals have completely rejected dominant social order

False

Non-social reinforcement

True

Durkheim: suicide rate lower among

married; had children; adherents of interactive religions

Creator of differential opportunity theory

Cloward and Ohlin

Search incident to citation

False

Officers must inform of right to refuse consent to search

True

Suspect must be competent for voluntary search

True

Officers may falsely claim possession of a warrant

False

Individual can limit where and what officer searches

True

Consent must be unequivocal and specific

No

Police can look for drugs in bag in trunk with probable cause

On the suspect’s person and in the bag in the trunk

Standard for automobile exception search

Probable cause

Constitutional searches example

None of the above searches are constitutional

Roommate can grant search of

Living room; Kitchen; Bathroom; All of the above

Search incident to arrest most likely unconstitutional

An officer arrests a suspect who was driving his car and searches the trunk of the car

Not a standard detail in warrant application

The method of searching to be used

Procedural rule requiring officers to announce presence

knock-and-announce

Level of proof for warrant

Probable cause

Remedy if Fourth Amendment violated

Exclusion of tainted evidence from trial

Not considered a “house”

A restaurant dining room

General warrants in old England searched

any place for any reason at any time

Writs of assistance in old England compelled citizens to

assist in a search

Fourth Amendment prohibits

“unreasonable” searches without a warrant

Olmstead v. US held wiretapping constitutional because

the officers did not physically intrude into the home

Katz v. US adopted

Expectation of privacy test

Reasonable expectation of privacy example

Holding a conversation with an actual friend in a rented apartment

Plain view seizure requirement

be lawfully positioned

Seizing bag of marijuana on dashboard

Yes

Plain view: item must be

“immediately apparent”

Protection

Feature that distinguishes curtilage from open fields

May enter without probable cause or warrant

The shop area of a hardware store

Judges rely on to determine abandonment

The totality of the circumstances

Police can look through garbage on curb

Yes

Burden to justify a stop depends on

level of interference with individual’s freedom

Judges rely on to determine if a stop is a seizure

The totality of the circumstances

Two-component test for expectation of privacy

Both subjective and objective

Unlawful search or seizure result

Any evidence seized would be inadmissible as fruits of the illegal seizure

Balancing level of proof

An officer’s ability to prevent crime and the intrusion on citizen privacy

Stop and frisk justification

place society at risk of harm

Reasonableness of Terry stop judged by

the objective standard

Critical considerations for informant’s veracity EXCEPT

Severity of the crime being reported

Key element differentiating Terry stop from arrest

the duration of the stop