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Seed Drill and Seed Plow
Plants seeds quickly and efficiently.
Replaced hand scattering, reducing seed waste.
Pulled by horses/oxen.
Drills holes, deposits seeds, and covers them.
Mechanical Reaper
Harvests grain crops mechanically.
Increased grain yields 10x.
Pulled by horses.
Cuts and bundles grain simultaneously.
Gasoline-Powered Tractor
Revolutionized most prior agricultural tech.
Powered tools for plowing, planting, and harvesting.
No longer pulled by animals.
Synthetic Fertilizers
Provides high-nutrient plant food.
high in nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium
Boosted crop yields dramatically
Pesticides
Kills/repels pests damaging crops.
Types:
General: Targets animals/insects.
Herbicides: Targets weeds competing with crops.
Better Diets and Increased Population
Cause: Crops from Americas spread to Europe and Asia.
Effect: Better diets prevented malnutrition, supporting population growth.
Economic Shift
Cause: From subsistence farming to cash crop production.
Effect: Farmers earned money from their produce.
Longer Life Expectancies, Falling Death Rates
Cause: Better diets and increased food availability.
Effect: People lived longer, lowering death rates.
Farmers Moving to Factories
Cause: Agricultural modernization.
Effect: Jobs shifted from farms to factories.
Negative Environmental Impacts
Pesticides:
Some don’t break down, harming humans and wildlife.
Pests can adapt, requiring stronger pesticides.
Fertilizers:
Excess use causes nutrient pollution.
Nutrients seep into groundwater or run off into waterways.
