Core Concepts of Biochemical Engineering (NOT FINISHED)

Biochemical engineering

Conducting biological processes on an industrial scale.

Biological sciences and Chemical Engineering

Biochemical engineering is a link between?

Biotechnology

Commercial techniques that use living organisms, or substances from those organisms, to make or modify a product

Biotechnology

includes techniques used for the improvement of the characteristics of economically important plants and animals and for the development of microorganisms to act on the environment

TRUE

TRUE or FALSE

Biotechnology is one of the oldest chemical technologies

1. Use of micro-organisms to ferment beverage and food.

2. Crossbreeding of plants and animals for better yields.

Give examples of biotechnology

• Recombinant DNA

• Cell Fusion

Give examples of Modern Biotechnology

Recombinant DNA

allows the direct manipulation of genetic material of individual cells, which may be used to develop microorganisms that produce new products as well as useful organisms. (Genetic Engineering)

Cell fusion

process to form a single hybrid cell with nuclei and cytoplasm from two different types of cells in order to combine the desirable characteristics of the two.

• Pharmaceuticals

• Animal Agriculture

• Plant Agriculture

• Specialty Chemicals

• Environmental Applications

• Commodity Chemicals

• Biolelectronics

Applications of Biotechnology

• To obtain the best biological catalyst for a desired process

• To create the best possible environment for the catalyst to perform by designing a bioreactor and operating it efficiently

• To separate the desired products from the reaction mixture in the most economical way

What are the different roles of a Biochemical Engineer?

• Mild reaction conditions

• Specificity

• Effectiveness

• Renewable resources

• Recombinant DNA Technology

What are the advantages of Biotechnology?

TRUE

TRUE or FALSE

An enzyme is highly specific and catalyzes only one or a small number of chemical reactions.

• Complex product mixtures

• Dilute aqueous environments

• Contamination

• Variability

What are the disadvantages of Biotechnology?

• Plants

• Animals

• Microorganisms

What are the different sources of enzymes?

• Animals

• Plants

What organisms are under multicellular cells?

Animals

What organisms are under eukaryotes?

• Protists

  • Algae

  • Protozoa

  • Fungi

  • Molds

  • Yeasts

• Bacteria

What organisms are under unicellular cells?

• Plants

• Protists

  • Algae

  • Protozoa

  • Fungi

  • Molds

  • Yeasts

• Bacteria

What are under prokaryotes?

FALSE

ALL PROKARYOTES ARE UNICELLULAR, BUT NOT ALL UNICELLULAR ORGANISMS ARE PROKARYOTES

TRUE or FALSE

All unicellular organisms are prokaryotes, but not all prokaryotes are unicellular

• Bacteria

• Blue-green algae

Prokaryotic cells are found in two microbial groups

Prokaryotes

These cells are small and simple, not compartmentalized by unit membrane systems

• Cytoplasm

• Nuclear region

What are the two structurally distinguishable internal regions of prokaryotes?

Ribosomes

Why does the cytoplasm have grainy dark spots?

Protein and RNA

What do ribosomes contain?

ribosome

The ___________ is the site of important biochemical reactions for protein synthesis.

irregular shape

In prokaryotes, the nuclear region is of ______________, sharply segregated even though it is not bounded by membrane

deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

In prokaryotes, the nuclear region contains __________________________, which contains genetic information

• cell wall

• cell membrane

The prokaryotic cell is surrounded with a __________ and a cell membrane.

Cell wall

Which is thicker? Cell wall or Cell membrane?

Cell wall

This protects the cell from external influences

Cytoplasmic membrane

The cell membrane is also known as

cell membrane

This is a selective barrier between the interior of the cell and the external environment

DNA fragments and low-molecular-weight proteins.

The largest molecules known to cross the cell membrane are ______________ and ________________

FALSE

The cell membrane CAN be folded and extended into the cytoplasm or internal membranes.

TRUE or FALSE

The cell membrane cannot be folded and extended into the cytoplasm or internal membranes.

cell membrane

The _____________ serves as the surface onto which other cell substances attach and upon which many important cell functions take place.

Eukaryotic cells

The unit structure in plants, animals, protozoa, fungi, and algae.

eukaryotic cell

The _____________ has internal unit membrane systems that segregate many of the functional components of the cell

1,000 to 10,000

How many times larger are eukaryotic cells compared to prokaryotic cells?

40 to 70 μm

The nucleus is surrounded by a double membrane with pores ________________ wide, containing cytologically distinguishable chromosomes.

nucleus

The __________ controls hereditary properties and all vital activities of the cell.

chromosomes

The ___________ are long and threadlike bodies and are found in the nuclei of cells, which contain the genes arranged in linear sequence.

ribosome

The cytoplasm contains large numbers of granules called _____________, which are involved in continuous reactions to synthesize cell materials.

endoplasmic reticulum

The ribosome is especially concentrated along the rough surface of the ___________

mitochondria

The ______________ contain the electron transport enzymes that utilize oxygen in the process of energy generation.

Vacuole and lysosome

___________________ are organelles that serve to isolate various chemical reactions in a cell

high-molecular-weight polymeric compounds

cells are composed of ______________

• Proteins

• Nucleic acids

• Polysaccharides

• Lipids

• other storage materials like fat and glycogen

• Inorganic salts

• Metabolic intermediates

• Vitamins

cells are composed of high-molecular-weight polymeric compounds including:

• 50% C

• 20% O

• 14% N

• 8% H

• 3% P

• 1% S

• Small amounts of K, Na, Ca, Mg, Cl

Typical Cell Composition

three-dimensional configuration

The cellular macromolecules are functional only when in the proper ___________________

Messenger RNA

Information transfer from one organelle to another (e.g., from nucleus to ribosomes) is mediated by special molecules like?

cytoplasm

Most of the enzymes and metabolic intermediates are present in ______________

Mitochondria

Not all enzymes are only present in the cytoplasm, other organelles have them like

2000

A living cell can be visualized as a very complex reactor in which more than __________ reactions take place.