AP government summer

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What is the 1st amendment?

The First Amendment guarantees the freedoms of speech, press, assembly, and petition, as well as the free exercise of religion.

What is the 2nd amendment?

The Second Amendment protects the individual right of citizens to bear arms.

What is the 3rd amendment?

The Third Amendment prohibits the government from forcing citizens to quarter soldiers in their homes during peacetime.

What is the 4th amendment?

The Fourth Amendment protects individuals against unreasonable searches and seizures by requiring probable cause and warrants.

What is the 5th amendment?

The Fifth Amendment states that citizens cannot be forced to incriminate themselves, guarantees protection against double jeopardy, and requires fair compensation under eminent domain.

What is 6th amendment?

The Sixth Amendment guarantees the right to a lawyer, a fair and speedy public trial, and the right to confront accusers and witnesses against you.

What is the 7th amendment?

The Seventh Amendment preserves the right to a jury trial in federal civil (non-criminal) cases.

What is the 8th amendment?

The Eighth Amendment prohibits the imposition of excessive bail or fines and bars cruel and unusual punishment.

What is the 9th amendment?

The Ninth Amendment clarifies that just because a right is not explicitly listed in the Constitution does not mean the people do not hold that right.

What is the 10th amendment?

The Tenth Amendment reserves all powers not explicitly delegated to the national government back to the individual states.

What is the 11th amendment?

The Eleventh Amendment establishes that private citizens cannot sue a state in federal court without that state's explicit permission.

What is the 12th amendment?

The Twelfth Amendment reformed the Electoral College by creating separate electoral ballots for the President and the Vice President.

What is the 13th Amendment?

The Thirteenth Amendment officially abolished slavery and involuntary servitude throughout the United States.

What is the 14th Amendment?

The Fourteenth Amendment grants citizenship to all persons born or naturalized in the U.S. and guarantees due process, privileges and immunities, and equal protection under the law.

What is the15th amendment?

The Fifteenth Amendment guarantees that the right to vote cannot be denied based on race, extending suffrage to all adult males.

What is the 16th amendment?

The Sixteenth Amendment grants Congress the explicit authority to collect a federal income tax.

What is the 17th amendment?

The Seventeenth Amendment established the direct election of U.S. Senators by the people of each state rather than by state legislatures.

What is the 18th amendment?

The Eighteenth Amendment instituted the national prohibition of the manufacture, sale, and transportation of alcohol.

What is the 19th amendment?

The Nineteenth Amendment granted women's suffrage, guaranteeing that the right to vote cannot be denied on the basis of sex.

What is the 20th Amendment?

The Twentieth Amendment advanced the dates for national officeholders to take office in January and detailed presidential succession if the President dies or becomes incapacitated.

What is the 21st Amendment?

The Twenty-First Amendment officially repealed the Eighteenth Amendment, ending national prohibition.

What is the 22nd amendment?

The Twenty-Second Amendment limits a President to serving two four-year terms, with an absolute maximum limit of ten years in office.

What is the 23rd amendment?

The Twenty-Third Amendment granted citizens living in Washington, D.C., three electoral votes in presidential elections.

What is the 24th amendment?

The Twenty-Fourth Amendment outlawed the use of poll taxes as a requirement for voting in federal elections.

What is the 25th amendment?

The Twenty-Fifth Amendment outlines explicit procedures for presidential succession, filling a Vice Presidential vacancy, and declaring a President unfit for duty.

What is the 26th amendment?

The Twenty-Sixth Amendment lowered the legal voting age across the nation from 21 to 18 years old.

What is the 27th Amendment?

The Twenty-Seventh Amendment dictates that any congressional pay increases cannot take effect until after an election of representatives has intervened.

Legislative Branch Checks the Executive Branch

• Overrides a presidential veto with a 2/3 vote in each house of Congress.

• Conducts congressional oversight hearings.

• Can reduce or increase the budget proposed by the president.

• House of Representatives can impeach (accuse) the president.

• Senate acts as the jury for the impeachment trial and convicts or acquits the president.

• Senate ratifies treaties by a 2/3 majority.

• Senate approves presidential appointments by a simple majority vote.

Legislative Branch Checks the Judicial Branch

• Can change the number and jurisdiction of federal courts.

• Sets lower federal court jurisdiction.

• Can change the number of justices on the Supreme Court.

• Senate approves federal judge appointees.

• House of Representatives can impeach (accuse) a federal judge.

• Senate acts as the jury for the impeachment trial and convicts or acquits a federal judge.

• Can initiate a constitutional amendment.

Executive Branch Checks the Legislative Branch

• Can veto a bill.

• President can decide not to enforce a law.

• Can issue executive orders.

• Can issue executive agreements.

• Can use the bully pulpit (appealing directly to the people).

• Can convene Congress.

Executive Branch Checks the Judicial Branch

• Appoints federal judges.

• Can choose not to enforce a court decision.

• Holds pardon power.

Judicial Branch Checks the Legislative Branch

Exercises Judicial Review to declare acts of Congress unconstitutional

Judicial Branch Checks the Executive Branch

Exercises Judicial Review to declare executive actions unconstitutional.

Executive Branch Checks on the Bureaucracy

• Appoint and remove agency heads (not all agency heads can be removed by the president).

• Reorganize the bureaucracy (with congressional approval).

• Change an agency's budget.

• Adjust policies that would alter the bureaucracy's activities.

• Issue executive orders.

Legislative Branch Checks on the Bureaucracy

• Pass legislation that alters the bureaucracy's activities.

• Abolish existing programs.

• Reduce funding to the bureaucracy.

• Conduct congressional oversight (hearings requiring bureaucrats to testify).

• Senate approves bureaucrat appointments.

Judicial Branch Checks on the Bureaucracy

Exercises Judicial Review over agency decisions and regulations.

Override Presidential Veto

2/3 supermajority in the House of Representatives AND 2/3 supermajority in the Senate

Ratify a Treaty

2/3 supermajority in the Senate

Impeach President or Federal Judge

Simple majority (half plus one) in the House of Representatives.

Convict Impeached President/Judge

2/3 supermajority in the Senate

Confirm Nominee to Federal Court or Bureaucracy

Simple majority in the Senate.

Elect Presidents

Simple majority in the Electoral College. (270 electoral votes)

Pass a Law

Simple majority in both houses of Congress

Propose Constitutional Amendment

2/3 supermajority in both houses of Congress OR a convention requested by 2/3 of state legislatures.

Ratify Constitution Amendment

¾ supermajority of states