IV Fluids

_____ are solutions administered directly into a patient's vein to maintain or restore fluid balance, provide nutrients, or correct electrolyte imbalances.

IV Fluids

 fluids are broadly categorized based on their ______ and their effect on the__________.

Composition,

body's fluid balance

Major types of IV Fluids

• Crystalloids

• Colloid solutions

• Blood Products

most common types of IV fluids

Crystalloid Solutions

Crystalloid solutions contain ________________-

water, electrolytes, sometimes glucose

they are called _____ because they contain small molecules that can easily pass through cell membranes.

crystalloids

types of crystalloid

• isotonic

• hypotonic

• hypertonic

These fluids have the same osmolarity (concentration of solutes) as blood plasma, meaning they do not cause fluid shifts between compartments (intracellular or extracellular

isotonic solutions

types of isotonic Solution

• Normal Saline 0.9% sodium Chloride

• LR

• Ringer’s solution

A simple solution of sodium chloride and water.

Normal Saline 0.9% Sodium chloride

Contains sodium, chloride, potassium, calcium, and lactate (which is metabolized to bicarbonate), mimicking the electrolyte composition of blood plasma.

Lactated Ringer’s Solution

what does LR contain

sodium, chloride, calcium , potassium, lactate

• mimics the electrolyte composition of blood

Similar to Lactated Ringer’s but lacks lactate.

Ringer’s solution

Common uses of Isotonic Solution

• fluid resuscitation

• surgical patients

• electrolyte imbalance

• burns

These fluids have a lower osmolarity than plasma, meaning they will cause water to move into the cells, hydrating them.

hypotonic solution

types of hypotonic solution

• 0.45% sodium chloride (half normal saline)

• D5W (5% dextrose in water)

Contains half the amount of sodium chloride as normal saline.

0.45% Sodium Chloride

once administered, the dextrose is metabolized, and it becomes effectively a hypotonic solution.

D5W

Common uses if Hypotonic Solution

• Cellular hydration

• Diabetec ketoacidosis (DKA)

• Hyponatremia

for patients with intracellular dehydration, such as those with hyperglycemia).

Hypotonic Solution

Hyponatremia means

low sodium

These fluids have a higher osmolarity than plasma, so they pull water out of cells and into the extracellular space.

Hypertonic Solutions

types of Hypertonic Solution

• 3% sodium chloride

• D10W

A solution that provides both water and glucose.

D10W

uses of Hypertonic Solution

• severe hyponatremia

• Cerebral edema

• Shock state

______contain larger molecules (such a___ or ___) that are too large to pass through cell membranes. They help maintain _______ drawing water into the blood vessels.

Colloid Solutions

• Protein, starches

• Blood Volume

Common types of Colloids

• albumin

• Dextran

• Hespan (Hydroxyethyl Starch)

 A protein solution that is the most common colloid used.

Albumin

A glucose-based polymer solution.

Dextran

A synthetic colloid.

Hespan, hydroxyethyl starch

Common use of Colloid solution

• hypovolemic shock ( severe blood loss or fluid loss)

• severe burns or large fluid loss

• plasma volume expansion in pt. with low albumin levels ( Cirrhosis, nephrotic syndrome)

e: Colloids are less commonly used now in general practice due to the potential for side effects such as ______ or ______. They are more commonly used in intensive care or emergency situations

kidney injury, Allergic reaction

Types of Blood Products

• whole blood

• packes RBC

• Plasma

• platelets

• Cryoprecipitate

Contains red blood cells, plasma, white blood cells, and platelets. Rarely used as whole blood due to the ability to separate components.

whole blood

Red blood cells separated from whole blood.

Packed RBC

· The liquid portion of blood, used to treat clotting disorders.

plama

Used to treat bleeding disorders due to low platelet counts (e.g., in leukemia).

platelets

·  Contains clotting factors and fibrinogen, used for bleeding disorders.

Cryoprecipitate

Uses of Blood products

• severe anemia

• major trauma or surgery

• clotting disorders

• platelet deficiencies

DEHYDRATION

Isotonic fluids NS , LR

restore extracellular fluid volume

SEVER BLOOD LOSS (HEMORRHAGIC SHOCk)

Colloid Albumin Dextran | Blood products

• restore BV and improve oxygen-carrying capacity

HYPERNATREMIA

• Hypotonic 0.45% NaCl, D5W

• move water into cells and dilute sodium levels

HYPONATREMIA

• hypertonic fluids 3% Nacl

• raise sodium levels + correct fluid imbalance

SURGICAL | POST-OP FLUID RESUSCITATION

Isotonic LR NS

replace fluid loss during surgery or anesthesia

DIABETIC KETOACIDOSIS

Isotonic then hypotonic (NS then 0.45% Nack )

rehydrate + correct electrolye imbalance

CEREBRAL EDEMA

Hypertonic fluids 3% NaCl

reduce brain swelling