Mitosis/Meiosis

G1

First growth phase

S Phase

DNA Synthesis phase

G2

Second growth phase

Mitosis

Process of haploid cell division into two daughter cells

Cytokinesis

Final stage of seperation into two daughter cells.

Interphase

period of the cell cycle leading up to mitosis; includes G₁, S, and G₂ phases (the interim period between two consecutive cell divisions)

Mitotic Spindle

apparatus composed of microtubules that orchestrates the movement of chromosomes during mitosis

centromere

region at which sister chromatids are bound together; a constricted area in condensed chromosomes

Kinetochore

protein structure associated with the centromere of each sister chromatid that attracts and binds spindle microtubules during prometaphase

Metaphase plate

equatorial plane midway between the two poles of a cell where the chromosomes align during …

G0 phase

distinct from the G₁ phase of interphase; a cell in ___ is not preparing to divide

proto-oncogenes

normal gene that when mutated becomes an oncogene

oncogenes

mutated version of a normal gene involved in the positive regulation of the cell cycle

tumor suppressor gene

segment of DNA that codes for regulator proteins that prevent the cell from undergoing uncontrolled division

Gamete

haploid reproductive cell or sex cell (sperm, pollen grain, or egg)

Zygote

fertilizfertilized egg that contains two sets of chromosomes.

Haploid

One set of chromosomes

Diploid

Two sets of chromosomes

Somatic cell

all the cells of a multicellular organism except the gametes or reproductive cells

karyotype

a visual representation of an individual's chromosomes, arranged in pairs by size, from largest to smallest, including the sex chromosomes (XX or XY)

aneuploidy

a condition where a cell has an abnormal number of chromosomes, meaning it has too many or too few

monosomy

absence of a chromosome

trisomy

extra copy of chromosome

polyploidy

the condition of a cell or organism having more than two complete sets of chromosomes

Translocation

the movement of a piece of a chromosome to another chromosome, or the exchange of segments between two chromosomes

Character

a broad, heritable feature of an organism