VITAMINS part 1 (fat-soluble)

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Emergence of Vitamins

100 years ago

Accessory food factors

Vitamin (Casimir Funk (1912)

Vita: Essential 4 life

Amine: contain nitrogen

Vitamins (1970)

* not classified into groups
* classified according to **biological functio**n in body

based on **physical-chemical** properties

* water-soluble
* fat-soluble

Vitamins

* potent organic compounds → unrelated chemical composition
* minute quantities
* small amounts →specific regulatory functions

Vitamins provide Energy

ingested preformed

**Organic Compounds**

All Vitamins contain C,H,O in chemical composition

Water-soluble vitamins

NITROGEN in chemical composition

Vitamins vs. Proteins

Nitrogen in Vitamins - not occur as building units of proteins

Vitamins vs. Minerals

All **Vitamins** are ORGANIC

All **Minerals** are INORGANIC

Potent Minute Quantities

very small concentrations of vit. → maintain life / normal growth.

Potent Minute Quantities

micronutrients

Potent Minute Quantities (Measurement)

* **MICRO**GRAMS (mcg – one **millionth** of a gram)
* **MILLI**GRAM (mg- one **thousand** of a gram)

Dietary Essentials

Distinguishes Vitamins from hormones

**PRE-CURSORS/PROVITAMINS**

changed into active vitamins

**PRE-CURSORS/PROVITAMINS (ex.)**

✓ Carotene & Cryptoxanthin -> Vitamin A

✓ Ergosterol -> Vitamin D

✓ Tryptophan -> Niacin

PREFORMED VITAMINS

* **Naturally-occurring** in active form, ready for biological role

AVITAMINOSIS (condition)

* lack of vitamin in body
* nutritional deficiency disease is recognizable

HYPERVITAMINOSIS (Vitamin Toxicity)

* excessive **accumulation** of vitamin **A**
* chronic **intake** of vitamin **more** **than** **recommended** dietary allowance (RDA)

VITAMIN MALNUTRITION

too much / too little - not good 4 health

VITAMIN-LIKE COMPOUNDS

* **physiological** roles like vitamins
* present in **larger** amounts
* partially **synthesized** in body

Ex. Choline: as essential with B-vitamins

ANTI-VITAMINS / VITAMIN ANTAGONISTS

* interfere w/ normal functioning of a Vitamin

Ex:

* **dicumarol** against Vitamin **K**


* **avidin** against **biotin**
* **thiaminase** against thiamin or **B2**

SYNTHETIC VITAMINS (Man-made)

* experimental/therapeutic purposes

VITAMERS

Multiple forms of a Vitamin

Fat-Soluble Vitamins (A, D, E, K)

* pro-vitamins
* deficiencies are slow
* needed daily from food sources
* stable in ordinary cooking methods

VITAMIN A

* Promotes vision; light & color; Visual purple (rhodopsia)
* Promotes growth, reproduction, immunity
* Prevents drying of **skin** & eyes
* Promotes resistance to bacterial infection
* Possible aid in treating cancer patients.

VITAMIN A (malnutrition)

Deficiency

* Night blindness
* Xeropthalmia
* Poor Growth
* Dry Skin

Toxic

* Fetal malformations
* Hair loss
* Skin changes
* Pain in bones (beyond 3000 RE per day

VITAMIN A (dietary allowance)

* mcg (microgram) RE (recommended energy)
* Male: 19 years n over: 550 mcg RE
* Female: 19 years n over: 500 mcg RE

VITAMIN A (excess intake) Hypervitaminosis A

* **carotenemia** - yellow skin discoloration
* bone fragility / painful swellings
* Dry, itching skin, coarse sparse hair •
* Nausea, Headache, Irritability

VITAMIN A sources

Liver • Butter • Fortified milk • Fortified Margarine • Carrots • Greens • Broccoli • Sweet potatoes • Spinach • Papaya • Cantaloupe • Apricots

Vitamin A, Beta-Carotene, and Cancer

* low risk lung cancer
* ^ beta-carotene → 46% die lung cancer
* smokers + beta caro = lung cancer
* beta-carotene rarely advisable

VITAMIN D

* Facilitates absorption of calcium & phosphorus
* optimal calcification of bones

VITAMIN D (forms)

* calciferol - fish oils and eggyolk, added to margarine and milk
* cholecalciferol - sunlight hit skin; UV rays react w steroid
* ergocalciferol - synthesized plants exposed to sunlight

VITAMIN D

* require bile salts → absorbed store in liver
* mainly absorb calcium n phosphorus
* make cell membrane permeable

VITAMIN D

* VDP “vitamin D binding protein” - target organs
* pheromone; is not active
* modified to yield biologically active forms, such as
* Calcitriol - transcription factor
* immune system function

VITAMIN D deficiency

* rickets, bone loss, osteomalacia

Toxic

* Growth Retardation • Kidney damage • Deposits in soft tissue • Toxicity beyond 2000 IU/day

VITAMIN D (RDA)

* 100-400 IU
* Infants, children, adolescents: 5 mcg

Adults:

* – Male & Female (19-49 yrs.): 10 mcg
* – Male & Female (50-64 yrs.): 15 mcg

VITAMIN D sources

Vitamin D fortified milk • Fortified margarine • Fish oils • Sardines • Salmon

VITAMIN E

* Act as an anti-oxidant
* Prevent breakdown of Vitamin A, Vitamin K and unsaturated fatty acids

VITAMIN E

* Retard spoilage in commercial products
* Preserve the integrity of RBC walls
* Protect muscle tissue from degeneration
* Protect unsaturated fatty acids from oxidative breakdown
* antioxidant, protects tissues/membrane against damage of oxidation.
* normal functioning of the immune system
* Controls blood platelet aggregation during formation of blood clots
* metabolism of nucleic acids and proteins
* mitochondria function and production of different hormones regulation
* Protects vitamin A from oxidative damage

VITAMIN E deficiency

* Hemolysis of red blood cells • Nerve destruction
* Muscle weakness • Headaches • Fatigue • Blood clots • Toxic beyond 1200 IU/day

VITAMIN E (RDA)

* Muscle weakness, Headaches, Fatigue, Blood clots
* Toxic beyond 1200 IU/day
* more than rda - improves the immune system in the elderly

VITAMIN E sources

Vegetable oils • Some greens • Some fruits • Wheat germ • Peanuts • Olive Oil • Eggyolk • Liver • Butter • Milk

VITAMIN K

Help form prothrombin & other factors for blood clotting & bone formation

VITAMIN K

* Important for the synthesis blood-clotting protein
* regulate normal clotting of blood
* Increases calcium absorption
* Maintains strong healthy bones

VITAMIN K deficiency

* Hemorrhage
* Anemia & Jaundice (for medicinal forms only)

VITAMIN K sources

soybean oil, green leafy vegetables, cabbage, liver, cauliflower, tomatoes and egg yolk.

VITAMIN K (RDA)

* Average mixed diets - normal vitamin K intake
* Normal dose: 1-2 mg for prophylaxis
* Male adults (19 years & older): 59 mcg
* Female adults (19 years & older): 51 mcg