VITAMINS part 1 (fat-soluble)

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Emergence of Vitamins

100 years ago

Accessory food factors

Vitamin (Casimir Funk (1912)

Vita: Essential 4 life

Amine: contain nitrogen

Vitamins (1970)

• not classified into groups
• classified according to biological function in body

based on physical-chemical properties

• water-soluble
• fat-soluble

Vitamins

• potent organic compounds → unrelated chemical composition
• minute quantities
• small amounts →specific regulatory functions

Vitamins provide Energy

ingested preformed

Organic Compounds

All Vitamins contain C,H,O in chemical composition

Water-soluble vitamins

NITROGEN in chemical composition

Vitamins vs. Proteins

Nitrogen in Vitamins - not occur as building units of proteins

Vitamins vs. Minerals

All Vitamins are ORGANIC

All Minerals are INORGANIC

Potent Minute Quantities

very small concentrations of vit. → maintain life / normal growth.

Potent Minute Quantities

micronutrients

Potent Minute Quantities (Measurement)

• MICROGRAMS (mcg – one millionth of a gram)
• MILLIGRAM (mg- one thousand of a gram)

Dietary Essentials

Distinguishes Vitamins from hormones

PRE-CURSORS/PROVITAMINS

changed into active vitamins

PRE-CURSORS/PROVITAMINS (ex.)

✓ Carotene & Cryptoxanthin -> Vitamin A

✓ Ergosterol -> Vitamin D

✓ Tryptophan -> Niacin

PREFORMED VITAMINS

• Naturally-occurring in active form, ready for biological role

AVITAMINOSIS (condition)

• lack of vitamin in body
• nutritional deficiency disease is recognizable

HYPERVITAMINOSIS (Vitamin Toxicity)

• excessive accumulation of vitamin A
• chronic intake of vitamin more than recommended dietary allowance (RDA)

VITAMIN MALNUTRITION

too much / too little - not good 4 health

VITAMIN-LIKE COMPOUNDS

• physiological roles like vitamins

• present in larger amounts

• partially synthesized in body

  Ex. Choline: as essential with B-vitamins

ANTI-VITAMINS / VITAMIN ANTAGONISTS

• interfere w/ normal functioning of a Vitamin

Ex:

• dicumarol against Vitamin K

• avidin against biotin

• thiaminase against thiamin or B2

SYNTHETIC VITAMINS (Man-made)

• experimental/therapeutic purposes

VITAMERS

Multiple forms of a Vitamin

Fat-Soluble Vitamins (A, D, E, K)

• pro-vitamins
• deficiencies are slow
• needed daily from food sources
• stable in ordinary cooking methods

VITAMIN A

• Promotes vision; light & color; Visual purple (rhodopsia)
• Promotes growth, reproduction, immunity
• Prevents drying of skin & eyes
• Promotes resistance to bacterial infection
• Possible aid in treating cancer patients.

VITAMIN A (malnutrition)

Deficiency

• Night blindness
• Xeropthalmia
• Poor Growth
• Dry Skin

Toxic

• Fetal malformations
• Hair loss
• Skin changes
• Pain in bones (beyond 3000 RE per day

VITAMIN A (dietary allowance)

• mcg (microgram) RE (recommended energy)
• Male: 19 years n over: 550 mcg RE
• Female: 19 years n over: 500 mcg RE

VITAMIN A (excess intake) Hypervitaminosis A

• carotenemia - yellow skin discoloration
• bone fragility / painful swellings
• Dry, itching skin, coarse sparse hair •
• Nausea, Headache, Irritability

VITAMIN A sources

Liver • Butter • Fortified milk • Fortified Margarine • Carrots • Greens • Broccoli • Sweet potatoes • Spinach • Papaya • Cantaloupe • Apricots

Vitamin A, Beta-Carotene, and Cancer

• low risk lung cancer
• ^ beta-carotene → 46% die lung cancer
• smokers + beta caro = lung cancer
• beta-carotene rarely advisable

VITAMIN D

• Facilitates absorption of calcium & phosphorus
• optimal calcification of bones

VITAMIN D (forms)

• calciferol - fish oils and eggyolk, added to margarine and milk
• cholecalciferol - sunlight hit skin; UV rays react w steroid
• ergocalciferol - synthesized plants exposed to sunlight

VITAMIN D

• require bile salts → absorbed store in liver
• mainly absorb calcium n phosphorus
• make cell membrane permeable

VITAMIN D

• VDP “vitamin D binding protein” - target organs
• pheromone; is not active
• modified to yield biologically active forms, such as
• Calcitriol - transcription factor
• immune system function

VITAMIN D deficiency

• rickets, bone loss, osteomalacia

Toxic

• Growth Retardation • Kidney damage • Deposits in soft tissue • Toxicity beyond 2000 IU/day

VITAMIN D (RDA)

• 100-400 IU
• Infants, children, adolescents: 5 mcg

Adults:

• – Male & Female (19-49 yrs.): 10 mcg
• – Male & Female (50-64 yrs.): 15 mcg

VITAMIN D sources

Vitamin D fortified milk • Fortified margarine • Fish oils • Sardines • Salmon

VITAMIN E

• Act as an anti-oxidant
• Prevent breakdown of Vitamin A, Vitamin K and unsaturated fatty acids

VITAMIN E

• Retard spoilage in commercial products
• Preserve the integrity of RBC walls
• Protect muscle tissue from degeneration
• Protect unsaturated fatty acids from oxidative breakdown
• antioxidant, protects tissues/membrane against damage of oxidation.
• normal functioning of the immune system
• Controls blood platelet aggregation during formation of blood clots
• metabolism of nucleic acids and proteins
• mitochondria function and production of different hormones regulation
• Protects vitamin A from oxidative damage

VITAMIN E deficiency

• Hemolysis of red blood cells • Nerve destruction
• Muscle weakness • Headaches • Fatigue • Blood clots • Toxic beyond 1200 IU/day

VITAMIN E (RDA)

• Muscle weakness, Headaches, Fatigue, Blood clots
• Toxic beyond 1200 IU/day
• more than rda - improves the immune system in the elderly

VITAMIN E sources

Vegetable oils • Some greens • Some fruits • Wheat germ • Peanuts • Olive Oil • Eggyolk • Liver • Butter • Milk

VITAMIN K

Help form prothrombin & other factors for blood clotting & bone formation

VITAMIN K

• Important for the synthesis blood-clotting protein
• regulate normal clotting of blood
• Increases calcium absorption
• Maintains strong healthy bones

VITAMIN K deficiency

• Hemorrhage
• Anemia & Jaundice (for medicinal forms only)

VITAMIN K sources

soybean oil, green leafy vegetables, cabbage, liver, cauliflower, tomatoes and egg yolk.

VITAMIN K (RDA)

• Average mixed diets - normal vitamin K intake
• Normal dose: 1-2 mg for prophylaxis
• Male adults (19 years & older): 59 mcg
• Female adults (19 years & older): 51 mcg