U.S. Foreign Policy and Isolationism Before WWII

London Conference

1933 meeting aimed to address the Great Depression.

If FDR agreed to stabilize currencies, then he couldn't inflate the economy to solve the great depression

Why did the London Confrence fail?

FDR secretary of State

Cordell Hull

FDR's Isolationism

U.S. refusal to participate in international agreements.

Tydings-McDuffie Act

1934 act granting Philippine independence by 1946.

Recognition of Soviet Union

FDR recognized USSR in 1933 for trade benefits.

To keep Germany, Italy, and Japan's power in check, gain a trading partner and earn an ally for WW2

Why did FDR recognize the USSR

Good Neighbor Policy

FDR's approach to improve relations with Latin America. Marked the end of the Big Stick Policy in Latin America

Pan-American Conference

FDR's announcement to avoid military intervention.

Haiti Marines Withdrawal

Last U.S. Marines left Haiti in 1934.

Mexico Oil Companies

Mexico Seized Oil Properties from America. Oil companies wanted to send troops but FDR refused.

Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act

1934 act promoting low tariffs to boost trade.

Increase global trade to get out of the depression despite not participating in the London Confrence.

What was the point of the Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act

Hawley-Smoot Tariff

High tariff law amended to reduce tariffs to lower trade barriers.

Storm-Cellar Isolationism

U.S. policy of avoiding foreign conflicts post-WWI.

Totalitarian Regimes

Governments with absolute power over individual rights.

In Italy, Germany, and Japan they were used because they replaced Democratic goverment to get out of the depression

What nations used totalrians and why where they used?

He scapegoated Jews and the public had somewhere to place their anger towards. Gave people hope and fed them lies.

Why did people like Hitler?

Rome-Berlin Axis

1936 alliance between Germany and Italy.

Japan became a military dictatorship that was power hungry for more land. They mostly ignored restrictions placed on them. Wanted to rebuilt Japenese Empire.

Why did Japan join the tripartite Pact

Tripartite Pact

1940 agreement between Japan, Germany, and Italy.

Italian dictator that got Italy out of depression. They took over very poor nations like Ethopia.

Mussolini

Spanish Civil War

1936-39 conflict between fascists and republicans in Spain.

It was REpublicans vs Facsits(dictators) and it was mostly a testing ground for Hitler for new war weapons. Resulted in stronger usage of dictatorship in Europe and America did not participate because of isolationsim and an oil embargo.

What did the Spanish Civil war stand as?

Nye Committee

1934 investigation into munitions manufacturers' war profits.

Neutrality Acts

1935-37 laws restricting U.S. involvement in foreign wars. Restricted sale of weapons or ships carrying munition.

Johnson Debt Default Act

Prohibited loans to nations owing money to U.S.

To avoid problems of Europe.

Why was the Johnson Debt Default Act passed?

Franco's Victory

Fascist leader's win in Spanish Civil War emboldened dictators.

Oil Embargo

U.S. restriction on oil sales during Spanish Civil War.

Military Build-up Law

1938 legislation to strengthen U.S. navy before WWII.

Fascist Nations

Countries led by authoritarian regimes seeking expansion.

Big Stick Policy

Teddy Roosevelt's approach of military intervention.

Isolationist Policies

U.S. strategy of avoiding international conflicts.

American Sugar Growers

Group wanting independence for economic reasons.

Military Dictatorship in Japan

Japan's government focused on expansion and isolationism.

Ethiopian Conflict

Italy's 1935 invasion, showcasing fascist aggression.

League of Nations

International organization ineffective in preventing aggression.

Quarantine Speech

FDR's call to isolate aggressor(GERMANY and ITALY) nations in 1937.

Step against isolationsim because of clear dislike of one side.

What was the Quartine Speech symbolic of

Panay Incident

Japan attacked U.S. gunboat, escalating tensions. Supported American Isolationsim

Broke treaty of Versilles, made miilitary service manditory, and Broke into Rhineland Reigon of France

What measures did Hitler take?

Mein Kampf

Hitler's book promoting German nationalism and anti-Semitism. Favored by entire German nation. Led to the imprisonment and death of almost 6 million Jews in death camps.

Munich Conference

1938 meeting to appease Hitler over Sudetenland(German speaking reigon of Cekoslovakia).

The entirety of Ceklosvakia was taken over by German

What happened after capturing Sudentenland?

UK prime Minister that agreed to let Hitler take Suendentanland as long as Cekoslovakia was not taken over. Betrayed by HItelr and did nothing

Neville Orville

Cash-and-Carry

U.S. policy allowing war supplies sales for cash only. Not for credit(loans)

Neutrality act of 1939

Allowed US to sell weapons based on "cash-and-carry basis", forbade going into war

Blitzkrieg

Fast and coordinated military attack strategy by Germany. Used to invade France

Dunkirk Evacuation

Rescue of Allied troops from France in 1940.

Conscription Law

First peacetime draft in U.S. history, training 1.2 million.

Havana Conference

Agreement to uphold Monroe Doctrine among 21 nations. Prevented Axis powers from taking colonies in Latin America

Kristallnacht

1938 progrom against Jews in Germany, resulting in violence. Was a riot causing lots of broken glass from Jewish buildings

Joseph Goebbels

Nazi propaganda minister who incited anti-Jewish sentiment.

St. Louis Incident

Jewish refugees denied entry to U.S. in 1939. They went to Havana first but was denied. Went to florida, USA, but was denied by Cordell Hull(Secretary of State). Returned to Europe and most of them died.

Holocaust

Systematic genocide of 6 million Jews during WWII.

Russo-German Nonaggression Pact

1939 agreement between Stalin and Hitler to avoid conflict. This ultimatly led to little to no oppostition from the east of Germany and Both Soviet Union and Germany took over Poland.

Fall of France

Rapid German conquest of France in June 1940.

FDR

Franklin D. Roosevelt, U.S. President during WWII.

Indemnity

Compensation paid by Japan after Panay Incident.

Sudetenland

Region of Czechoslovakia sought by Hitler in 1938.

Final Solution

Nazi plan for the extermination of Jews.

Austrian Annexation

Hitler's takeover of Austria in 1938. Caused Widespread Anti-Semetisim

Rhineland Remilitarization

Hitler's violation of the Treaty of Versailles in 1936.

Phony War

Period of inactivity in WWII after Poland's fall. Taken by Germany and Soviet Union

U.S. Isolationism

American policy to avoid involvement in foreign conflicts.

Appeasement

Policy of conceding to aggressor nations to maintain peace.

Anti-Semitism

Prejudice and discrimination against Jewish people.

War Refugee Board

FDR's initiative to save Jews from Nazis. Saved thousands of Hungrarians from Austuwitz.

Battle of Britain

Germany's failed attempt to gain air superiority.

America First Committee

Isolationist group opposing U.S. involvement in WWII.

Committee to Defend the Allies

Interventionist group advocating for U.S. support.

Destroyer Deal

Transfer of 50 U.S. destroyers to Britain. In return got 8 defensive bases.

Lend-Lease Law

U.S. program to loan military supplies to Allies.

1939 Neutrality, Quarentine speech, Destoyer deal, cash-on-carry

What showed US was heading towards War?

Arsenal of Democracy

Term describing U.S. support for Allied forces.

Atlantic Conference

Meeting between FDR and Churchill in 1941.

Atlantic Charter

Goals for post-war peace established by Allies.

Self-determination

People's right to choose their government.

Convoy system

Merchant ships escorted by warships for safety.

Shoot-on-sight policy

FDR's directive to engage German U-boats immediately.

Pearl Harbor

Surprise Japanese attack on December 7, 1941.

Date of Infamy

FDR's description of Pearl Harbor attack.

U.S. declaration of war

Formal entry into WWII following Pearl Harbor.

Isolationism

Policy of avoiding involvement in foreign conflicts.

Belligerent

A nation engaged in war or conflict.

Wendell L. Willkie

Republican candidate opposing FDR in 1940 election. FDR beat him because he promised not to send "boys" to war. He broke this later on

Two-term tradition

Custom of limiting U.S. presidents to two terms.

FDR's third term

Franklin Roosevelt's unprecedented re-election in 1940.

Senator Taft

Critic of Lend-Lease, likened it to lending gum.

German U-boats

Submarines used by Germany to disrupt Allied shipping.

Robin Moor

American ship sunk by German submarine in 1941.

Kearny incident

Attack on U.S. destroyer resulting in American casualties.

Reuben James

Destroyer sunk by a German torpedo, killing over 100.

Embargo on Japan

U.S. trade restrictions in response to Japanese aggression.

Japenese suprise bombing leading to America declaring War on Japan and Italy and Germany. Dec 8 1941 was the day

Pearl Harbor

Everything east of Warsaw, and invaded Finland. Baltic states (Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania)

Soviet Union countries invaded