Forestry midterm

germinating, vegetative growth, reproducing, declining

phases

seed, seedling, sapling, mature, senescent, dead

states

gymnosperm

naked seed (conifers)

angiosperm

seed enclosed by the ovary, flowers

aerenchyma

ventilation tissue, gaps or channels in the leaves, stems, and roots that are filled with air that allow oxgyen flow between the shoot and root

pneumatophores

Aerating roots that grow upwards from a waterlogged root system, covered in lenticels

hypoxia

low oxygen affects function and growth so that it is not optimal

anoxia

near total oxygen deficiency causes cell and potentially tree death

lenticels

porous tissue with large intercellular spaces in the periderm of woody stems and roots. Allows the water to diffuse that was taken up from the aerenchyma

Monoecious

Has one sex organ- needs the other to reproduce- female or male

Dioecious

Has both sex organs does not need other plants nearby to reproduce

Phototropism

direction of growth determined by light

Photonasty

timing of leaf and flower movement determined by light- NOT growth

Photoinduction

Initiation of different stages of plant life triggered by life

Cotyledon

seed leaf within the embryo- grows upwards to form the stem and leaves

Radicle

first part of the seedling to emerge- grows downwards to form the roots

Monocot

one cotyledon- no trees are monocots

Dicot

two cotyledons

Allometry

relationship/balance between the root and shoot growth

Morphology

Changes to shape or structure (Changes to leaf size/shape, root/shoot ratio)

Physiology

Changes to function (Improved stromatal control, improved water use efficiency)

Protoplasm

the living part of the cell, including the nucleus and cytoplasm

allelopathy

biochemical substances exuded by trees positively and negatively affect germination, growth, survival, and reproduction of competing plants

Commensalistic

One species benefits, the other is not impacted

Leguminous plants

Have nitrogen fixing bacteria in root nodules that convert atmospheric nitrogen into usable nitrogen that can be taken up from the soil

xylem

water and newly absorbed nutrients

phloem

photosynthates

cavitation

air bubbles form in the xylem rendering that straw useless in water uptake, limiting hydraulic conductance

thylakoid

photo- water and light creates oxygen and energy

stroma

light- Calvin Cycle CO2 to glucose

Chemotropism

Roots extend towards positive nutrient gradient, then proliferate when they find it

Hydrotropism

Roots extend towards positive water gradients, then proliferate when they find it

soil-plant-atmosphere continuum

SPAC

Isohydric

Trees that prioritize water storage at the expense of photosynthesis- reduce stomatal conductance as soil moisture decreases and atmospheric vapour pressure deficits increase

Anisohydric

trees that prioritize photosynthesis in times of low water availability- high risk high reward. maintain stomatal conductance as the soil dries out. Keep their stomata regardless of how much water loss is occurring. Sometimes this works and sometimes it does not

Carotenoids

tetraterpene pigments, which exhibit yellow, orange, red and purple colors

flavonoids

responsible for the color, fragrance, and flavor characteristic

Potassium, Phosphorous, Nitrogen

primary macronutrients

Sulphur, magnesium, calcium

secondary macronutrients

Manganese, zinc, Iron, copper, molybdenum, chlorine, nickel

micronutrients (7)

Dessicant tolerance

can function with up to 90% total water loss

25% water, 25% air, 45% minerals, 5% organic matter

ideal soil confirmation

alarm → resistance → regeneration/exhaustion

stress pathway

mineral particles

where most nutrients in the soil are located

Nitrogen

promotes vegetative growth, a major component of chlorophyll- most important for growth

phosphorous

promotes root growth and seed development- Important in successful reproduction

potassium

regulates water and nutrient movements in plant cells, helps maintain resilience to climatic extremes, promotes flowing and fruiting

low

Podzol

low

pumice

low

Ultic

low

granular

low

organic

low

allophonic

low

oxidic

very high

recent

very high

melanic

high

pallic

high

gley

medium

brown

medium

semiarid

medium

raw