Reformation and Religious Wars

Pluralism

A theory of government that holds that open, multiple, and competing groups can check the asserted power by any one group.

Indulgences

Selling of forgiveness by the Catholic Church. It was common practice when the church needed to raise money. The practice led to the Reformation.

Frederick the Wise

Martin Luther's prince who gave him a place to hide after he was declared an outlaw

Martin Luther

95 Theses, posted in 1517, led to religious reform in Germany, denied papal power and absolutist rule. Claimed there were only 2 sacraments: baptism and communion.

95 Theses

Arguments written by Martin Luther against the Catholic church. They were posted on October 31, 1517.

Diet of Worms

Assembly of the estates of the empire, called by Holy Roman Emperor Charles V in 1521. Luther was ordered to recant but he refused. Charles V declared Luther an outlaw.

Peasant Wars of 1525

A group of German peasants that took up arms against their wealthy landowners for heavy taxes and new demands.

Luther did not approve

Development of Lutheranism

The translated Bible was everywhere, Lutheranism was helped via sermon as most of german was illiterate. largely urban

Priesthood of all believers

Luther's idea that every believer had the right to be their own priests. They had the right to lead their own religious life and read and interpret the Bible themselves. Everyone was equal with this, which opposed the beliefs of the church.

Charles V

Holy Roman Emperor during the time of Reformation and to deal with Luther, he called the Diet of Worms as a way to try and get him to stop his reformations but it failed. He was a supporter of Catholicism.

Peace of Augsburg

A treaty that was made after Charles V tried to crush Lutheranism. It recognized Lutheranism and placed it on equal status with Catholicism in Germany.

Zwingli

Led and began the reformation of Switzerland. He abolished many of the Christian beliefs and traditions. Like Luther, he kept the two sacraments of Baptism and the Lord's Supper, but without the transubstantiation. Still held disagreements with Luther.

Antibaptists

Another religious reformation group. They believed in adult baptism as opposed to infant baptism. There were some groups who went to violent tendencies such as the Swiss Brethren.They separate church and state. Advocated freedom of religion.

Reformation in England

The Church of England broke away from the authority of the Pope and Roman Catholic Church to allow King Henry VIII to divorce Catherine of Aragon and remarry to Anne Boleyn.

Act of Supremacy

An act that declared the monarch of England was the one to control the church. 1534

Book of Common Prayer

the text containing recitations, prayers and prescribed orders of worship in the Episcopal Church

Calvinism

A branch of Protestant theology that originated with the teachings of John Calvin, a 16th century French reformer. It emphasizes the sovereignty of God, the doctrine of predestination, and the belief that salvation is achieved through God's grace alone. This shaped the theological social landscape of Europe.

Geneva

A city in Switzerland that became a powerful center of Protestantism under John Calvin and was a training center for Calvinism missionaries.

New Religious Orders

Religious communities that emerged, particularly during the catholic reformation (counter reformation). There were approaches to spirituality, education, and social work. Includes Jesuits, the Capuchins, the Ursulines, and the followers of Vincent do Paul.

The Society of Jesus (Jesuits)

Known as Jesuits, a Roman Catholic religious order founded in 1540 by Saint Ignatius of Loyola and his companions. Known for rigorous scholarship, missionary zeal, and commitment to education and social justice. Made an impact with missionaries like Francis Xavier and Matteo Ricci who spread Christianity to India, Japan, and China.

Paul III & IV

Born as Alessandro Farnese, head of the Catholic Church, and notable for initiating the Counter-Reformation. Conveyed the Council of Trent and supported the New Religious Orders. Born as Gian Pietro Carafa, served as pope. Strengthened Roman Inquisition to combat heresy. Established the index of forbidden books.

The Council of Trent

A council of the Roman Catholic Church, held in three sessions between 1545 and 1563 in Trento, Italy. Convened by Pope Paul III in response to the Protestant Reformation and aimed to address doctrinal and disciplinary issues within the Church.

Catherine de Medici

An influential figure in the 16th century in France seeing as queen consort to Henry II and later as a regent for her sons, Francis II, Charles IX, and Henry III. Her policies and actions were key to the French Wars of Religion, a series of conflicts between Catholics and Huguenots. She attempted to meditate between Catholics and Huguenots (French Protestants) to maintain peace. Her efforts also included the arranged marriage of her daughter, Margaret Valois to Protestant Henry of Navarre.

St. Bartolomew's Day Massacre

It involved the mass killing of French Huguenots (Protestants) by Catholic mobs in Paris and later spread to other parts of France. I was partly set in motion by Catherine de Medici, who feared the growing influence of the Huguenot leader. This event resulted in the deaths of many Huguenots and instead of ending religious wars, it intensified the conflict.

War of the 3 Henrys

A civil war fought between Catholic Henry of Guise, Catholic King Henry III, and Protestant Henry of Navarre. Henry III was so focused on wanted to destroy Henry of Guise who wanted to be King that they each killed each other, leaving Henry of Navarre the winner and new king of France

Huguenot

The Huguenots were French Protestants. The tide of the Reformation reached France early in the sixteenth century and was part of the religious and political fomentation of the times.

Edict of Nantes

1598 - Granted the Huguenots liberty of conscience and worship.

Phillip II

336 BC, was an ancient Greek king of Macedon from 359 BC until his assassination in 336. He was the father of Alexander the Great.

The Dutch Revolt

(1566-79) Caused for religious reasons; Protestant Region in Northern Spanish Netherlands/Dutch Republic; they revolted against Spanish authority for political and religious independence from Spain

Pacification of Ghent

The agreement of the Catholic and Calvinist Netherlands to oppose Spanish rule and to call for the removal of imperial troops. Ruled by Austria from 1714, and was seized by the French in 1792, and was incorporated into the kingdom of Belgium in 1830.

The Elizabethan Settlement

Elizabeth and Parliament required conformity to the Church of England but people were, in effect, allowed to worship Protestantism and Catholicism privately

Elizabeth's Domestic and Foreign Policies

she encouraged english seamen to raid Spanish ships and colonies

avoided alliances led to forcing her into war

The European Witch Hunts

A series of persecutions that, while they existed long before, saw their peak during the European wars. An estimated total of 40,000-60,000 people were executed during these events. The sociological causes have long been debated as a complex interplay of various factors that mark the early modern period, including the religious sectarianism in the wake of the Reformation, besides other religious, societal, economic and climatic factors.

Ferdinand

the Catholic Hapsburg king of Bohemia, sought to suppress Protestants and to assert royal power over nobles

Frederick V

Holy Roman Emperor and crowned the king of Bohemia

4 Phases of the 30 Years War

Bohemian, Danish, Swedish, French

Christian IV

King of Denmark that was a Lutheran that intervened by leading an army into northern Germany. He was defeated by Wallenstein and ended Danish supremacy in the Baltic.

Albrecht von Wallenstein

mercenary general who was paid by the emperor to fight for the HRE, he won many important battles against the Protestants.

Gustavus Adolphus II

(1594-1632) Swedish Lutheran who won victories for the German Protestants in the Thirty Years War and lost his life in one of the battles.

The Peace of Westphalia

the peace treaty that ended the Thirty Years' War in 1648