A&P Exam 1 Part 1

testes

ovaries

kidney

pancreas

adrenal

thymus

parathyroid

thyroid

pineal gland

pituitary gland

hypothalamus

mean arteriole pressure?

2DBP + SBP/3

Posterior Pituitary hormones

ADH and Oxytocin

ADH (antidiuretic hormone)

kidney water resorption through water porins, helps prevent too much urine and maintains blood pressure

Oxytocin

“love” hormone, helps with uterine contractions during birth, development of mammary glands

anterior pituitary gland hormones

FSH, LH, adrenocorticotropic hormone, thyroid hormone, prolactin, and GH

FSH Follicle Stimulating hormone

prepares sex cells, prepares eggs for sperm

Luteinizing hormone

supporting structures for sex cells, like fluffing up the uterus and making semen

Adrenocorticotropic hormone ACTH

adrenal glands, cushings disease can come from an overproduction of this (cortisol)

Thyroid hormone

T3 and T4, mainly determines metabolism and is made of iodine. 

Prolactin

promotes lactation, mammary glands ffefewfewfew

Human Growth Hormone GH

helps stimulate growth in certain areas like bones, muscles, connective tissue, and adipose tissues. Determines growth spurt

Parathyroid hormone

helps increase blood calcium levels by activating osteoclasts

alpha cells

glucagon

beta cells

insulin

adrenal medulla hormones

calcolamines (epinephrine and norepinephrine)

adrenal cortex

aldosterone and cortisol

pineal gland hormones

melatonin

layers of adrenal

capsule, zona glomerulosa, zona fasciculata, zona reticularis, and adrenal medulla 

zona glomerulosa

mineralocorticoid (aldosterone)

zona fasciculata

glucocorticoid (cortisol)

zona reticularis

glucocorticoids (cortisol) and androgenic steroids

positive feedback

a stimulant is added, they’re reacting because something is happening

negative feedback

something that usually happens isn’t happening, so they’re reacting to a lack of movement

the one positive feedback loop in our body?

child labor, because something unusual is happening and it’s a condition that is added to the body, but the body wants to induce it because it’s necessary.

paracrine

hormones are sent by cells that are near by

autocrine

hormones are made by the cell that is using them

acromegaly

human growth hormone disorder after puberty, big adults

gigantism 

human growth hormone disorder before puberty, big child 

erythropoietin

a hormone produced by the kidney as a response to a decreased level of oxygen in the blood and acts on red bone marrow to stimulate this

leptin

prevents over feeding because it’s the only protein that can cross the blood brain barrier to notify. 

layers of heart pericardium in order from outside to inside

fibrous, serous, parietal, and visceral/epicardium (FSPV)

pericardial cavity

between parietal and visceral

layers of the heart muscle from outside to inside

myocardium, endocardium, and heart wall

semilunar valves

aortic and pulmonary valves

atrioventricular valves

bicuspid and tricuspid valves

AV valve strings?

chordae tendineae

trabeculae carneae

inner muscular ridges of the heart’s ventricles

which types of valves have “strings”

atrioventricular valves

hierarchy of vascular from strongest to thinnest

aorta, arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, veins, and vena cava

S1?

AV (bicuspid and tricuspid) opening

S2?

semilunar closing (pulmonary and aortic)

introventricular septum

separates the right and left side of the heart

P

QRS

T

order of aortas

ascending aorta, aortic arch, descending thoracic aorta, descending abdominal aorta

how is blood divided up into heart and veins?

70% and 15%

types of tension for blood pressure?

hypertension, hypotension, normotensive

order of aortic arch

brachiocephalic artery, right common carotid artery, right subclavian artery, left common carotid artery, left subclavian artery