Chemistry Final Review

Kilo

Prefix meaning 1000.

Centi

Prefix meaning 0.01.

Milli

Prefix meaning 0.001.

Metric Prefixes Mnemonic

King Henry Died Drinking Chocolate Milk.

Kilogram (kg)

Unit of mass.

Liter (L)

Unit of volume.

Milliliter (mL)

Unit of volume, equal to 0.001 liters.

Meter (m)

Unit of length.

1 mL to L conversion

1 mL = 0.001 L.

1 g to kg conversion

1 g = 0.001 kg.

Density Formula Mnemonic

Don’t Make Violets.

Solid

State of matter with definite shape and volume.

Liquid

State of matter with definite volume, no definite shape.

Gas

State of matter with no definite shape or volume.

States of Matter Mnemonic

Ice (solid), Water (liquid), Steam (gas).

Homogeneous Mixture

Uniform mixture, like saltwater.

Heterogeneous Mixture

Non-uniform mixture, like oil and water.

Separation Method

Evaporate water to leave salt behind.

Signs of a Chemical Reaction

Color change, gas formation, precipitate formation, odor change, temperature change.

Chemical Reaction Mnemonic

Can’t Great People Order Tacos?

Law of Conservation of Mass

Matter cannot be created or destroyed in a reaction.

Chemical Bond

A force that holds atoms together using valence electrons.

Valence Veil Mnemonic

Valence electrons connect atoms like a veil.

Ionic Bond

Transfer of electrons between metal and nonmetal.

Covalent Bond

Sharing of electrons between nonmetals.

Metallic Bond

Free-flowing electrons in a 'sea of electrons'.

Types of Bonds Mnemonic

ICM, which stands for Ionic, Covalent, Metallic.

Ionic Bond Example

NaCl (salt).

Covalent Bond Example

H₂O (water).

Metallic Bond Example

Aluminum foil.

Diatomic Elements

Elements like H₂, N₂, O₂, F₂, Cl₂, Br₂, I₂.

Diatomic Elements Mnemonic

Have No Fear Of Ice Cold Beer.

Molecular Compounds Properties

Often gases, low melting/boiling points, soft solids.

Molecular Compounds Mnemonic

GLS → Gas, Low, Soft.

Lewis Structures

Diagrams that depict how atoms share electrons.

Lewis Needs Electrons Mnemonic

Lewis needs electrons.

Atom

Smallest unit of an element.

Proton

Positive particle located in the nucleus.

Neutron

Neutral particle located in the nucleus.

Electron

Negative particle located in the electron cloud.

Key Terms Mnemonic

Protons are Positive, Neutrons are Neutral, Electrons are Elsewhere.

Dalton

Scientist who proposed atomic theory.

Mendeleev

Scientist known for creating the periodic table.

Moseley

Scientist who discovered atomic number.

Bohr

Scientist known for electron orbits.

Chadwick

Scientist who discovered neutrons.

Important Scientists Mnemonic

Daring Men Make Bold Choices.

Alpha Radiation

Heavy type of radiation, stopped by paper.

Beta Radiation

Lighter type of radiation, stopped by aluminum.

Gamma Radiation

Energy radiation, stopped by lead.

Radiation Types Mnemonic

Alpha is hefty, Beta is better, Gamma is gone through!

Electron Configurations Mnemonic

Read electron configurations using the periodic table.

Atomic Radius Trend

Increases down the group, decreases across the period.

Ionization Energy Trend

Decreases down the group, increases across the period.

Electronegativity Trend

Decreases down the group, increases across the period.

Atomic Radius Mnemonic

Rivers grow DOWN.

Ionization Energy Mnemonic

I Energy UP.

Electronegativity Mnemonic

Electrons Need More UP.

Alkali Metals

Group 1 elements.

Alkaline Earth Metals

Group 2 elements.

Halogens

Group 17 elements.

Noble Gases

Group 18 elements.

Groups and Families Mnemonic

Alkali soup, Earth veggies, Halogen salt, Noble wine.

Classification Summary

Ionic, Molecular, Acid, Base.

Ionic Compounds

Metal + Nonmetal, high melting/boiling points.

Molecular Compounds

Nonmetal + Nonmetal, low melting points.

Acids

Binary acids start with Hydro-; Oxyacids change -ate to -ic.

Bases

Compounds that end with OH.

Base Example

NaOH → Sodium hydroxide.

Nomenclature Mnemonic

I Make All Bases Clear.