Midterm Study Guide

During which phase of the cardiac cycle does the first heart sound occur?

• Ventricular filling

• Isovolumetric ventricular relaxation

• Isovolumetric ventricular contraction

• Ventricular ejection

Isovolumetric ventricular contraction

Which valves are closing at the first heart sound?

• Both the tricuspid and mitral valves

• Both the tricuspid and pulmonary valves

• Both the pulmonary and aortic valves

• Both the mitral and aortic valves

• Both the tricuspid and mitral valves

What causes the second heart sound?

• Contraction of the ventricles

• Closing of the pulmonary and aortic valves

• Opening of the tricuspid and mitral valves

• Contraction of the atria

• Closing of the pulmonary and aortic valves

Where do action potentials originate in the heart?

• AV node

• SA node

• AV bundle

• Purkinje fibers

• SA node

The action potential travels quickly from the SA node to the AV node to allow both atria to contract together.
TRUE OR FALSE

FALSE

In the ventricles, the action potential travels from the top of the ventricles to the apex, causing the ventricles to contract.

TRUE OR FALSE

TRUE

What is the correct order of conduction through the heart's conduction system?

• SA node, AV bundle, Bundle branches, AV node, Purkinje fibers

• AV node, AV bundle, Purkinje fibers, AV bundle, bundle branches

• Purkinje fibers, bundle branches, AV bundle, AV node, SA node

• SA node, AV node, AV bundle, bundle branches, Purkinje fibers

• SA node, AV node, AV bundle, bundle branches, Purkinje fibers

Neutrophil

Eosinohpils

Basophil

Lymphocytes

monocytes

platelets

erythrocytes

People with Type A blood have ______ antigens on their red blood cells.

Type A

People with Type B blood have ______ antigens on their red blood cells.

Type B

People with Type AB blood have ______ antigens on their red blood cells.

Type A and B

People with Type A blood produce antibodies against __________ blood.

Type B

People with Type B blood produce antibodies against __________ blood.

Type A

The phase of the cardiac cycle that involves contraction is called _______ ; the phase that involves relaxation is called _________.

Systole ; diastole

Because the pacemaker potential occurs during systole, it can also be called systolic potential.
TRUE OR FALSE

False

The pacemaker potential is the relatively slow, spontaneous depolarization in the SA node.
TRUE OR FALSE

True

Myocardial cells produce their own action potentials after being stimulated by action potentials originating in the SA node.
TRUE OR FALSE

True

Myocardial action potentials are characterized by a spike and then slow depolarization.
TRUE OR FALSE

False

Ventricles depolarize and contract

QRS Complex

Atria depolarize and contract

P wave

Ventricles repolarize and relax

T wave

Which of the following is not a function of the lymphatic system?

• Transports interstitial fluid, which was initially blood filtrate, back to the blood

• Transports absorbed fat from the small intestine back to the blood

• Provides immunological protection through lymphocytes

• Creates and transports blood platelets to the blood

• Creates and transports blood platelets to the blood

The sequence of travel by an action potential through the heart is:

• sinoatrial node, atrioventricular node, atrioventricular bundle, bundle branches, Purkinje fibers

• atrioventricular node, sinoatrial node, atrioventricular bundle, bundle branches, Purkinje fibers

• atrioventricular bundle, atrioventricular node, sinoatrial node, bundle branches, Purkinje fibers

• Purkinje fibers, atrioventricular bundle, atrioventricular node, sinoatrial node, bundle branches

• atrioventricular node, sinoatrial bundle, atrioventricular node, bundle branches, Purkinje fibers

• sinoatrial node, atrioventricular node, atrioventricular bundle, bundle branches, Purkinje fibers

In the ventricles, the action potential travels along the bundle branches in the interventricular septum to the apex of the heart, where it then spreads superiorly along the ventricle walls.

True or False

True

In the heart, an action potential originates in the _________

• Purkinje fibers

• bundle branches

• atrioventricular bundle

• atrioventricular node

• sinoatrial node

• sinoatrial node

During ventricular systole, _________

• the ventricles contract

• the atrioventricular valves close

• the semilunar valves open

• blood flows through the aorta and the pulmonary trunk

• All of the choices are correct.

• All of the choices are correct.

The semilunar valves close during _________

• ventricular systole

• ventricular diastole

• atrial systole

• atrial diastole

• both atrial and ventricular systole

• ventricular diastole

The ventricles begin to fill during ventricular diastole.

True or False

True

Ventricular systole causes _________

• blood to flow into the ventricles

• blood to flow out of the atria

• the atrioventricular valves to close, and then the semilunar valves to open

• the semilunar valves to close, and then the atrioventricular valves to open

• pressure to become greater in the aorta and pulmonary trunk than in the ventricles

• the atrioventricular valves to close, and then the semilunar valves to open

When the pressure in the ventricles becomes lower than the pressure in the atria, _________

• the ventricles contract

• blood flows into the pulmonary trunk

• blood flows into the aorta

• the atrioventricular valves open

• the semilunar valves open

• the atrioventricular valves open

Choose the correct sequence of steps in the cardiac cycle.

• Isovolumetric contraction, isovolumetric relaxation, ejection, passive ventricular filling, active ventricular filling

• Isovolumetric relaxation, isovolumetric contraction, ejection, passive ventricular filling, active ventricular filling

• Isovolumetric contraction, ejection, isovolumetric relaxation, passive ventricular filling, active ventricular filling

• Isovolumetric contraction, ejection, isovolumetric relaxation, active ventricular filling, passive ventricular filling

• Ejection, isovolumetric relaxation, passive ventricular filling, isovolumetric contraction, active ventricular filling

• Isovolumetric contraction, ejection, isovolumetric relaxation, passive ventricular filling, active ventricular filling

The atria do not need to contract due to passive ventricular filling.

True or False

False

Rapid Filling

Isovolumetric Relaxation

Isovolumetric contraction

Atrial Contraction

Ejection

Jason's blood tests reveal that he has a low red blood cell count, hematocrit, and hemoglobin concentration. What condition do these test indicate?

• Leukopenia

• Polycythemia

• Leukocytosis

• Leukemia

• Anemia
  

• Anemia

How could this contribute to Jason's chronic fatigue?

• A decrease in immune cells making him more prone to infection and illness

• A decrease in blood transport molecules for nutrient delivery to tissues

• A decrease in oxygen transport resulting in suppressed metabolism

• A decrease in oxygen transport resulting in suppressed metabolism

The function of the semilunar valves is to _________

• reduce the backlow of blood towards the atria

• reduce backflow of blood from the aorta and pulmonary artery towards the heart

• push blood into the coronary arteries

• increase pressure in the ventricles

• reduce backflow of blood from the aorta and pulmonary artery towards the heart

Why do the AV valves open?

• Pressure in the atria is higher than pressure in the ventricles

• Smooth muscle contractions in the valves pull the valve cusps downward towards the apex

• The volume of blood in the ventricles is lower than the volume in the atria

• Pressure in the atria is higher than pressure in the ventricles

Which direction does blood flow through the heart?

• From right side to left side

• From top (base) to bottom (apex)

• From atria to ventricles

• From high pressure to low pressure

• From high pressure to low pressure

A pregnant female is given the RhoGAM injection 24 hours after their child is born. The child was likely Rh-negative. Prior to the delivery, the pregnant female's blood must have been Rh positive, with anti-Rh antibodies present. The RhoGAM shot will prevent the baby's blood from attacking the pregnant female's blood, since it likely mixed during delivery.
True or False

False

An individual with Type AB blood could safely receive red blood cells from someone with _________

• Type O blood

• Type AB blood

• Type A blood

• Type B blood

• All of the choices are correct.

• All of the choices are correct.

1. The major components of respiration include ventilation, gas exchange, oxygen utilization, and not _____.

oxygen production

2. External respiration occurs in the _____.

lungs

3. Internal respiration occurs between systemic blood and body _____.

tissues

4. The conducting zone moves air but does not participate in major gas _____.

exchange

5. The respiratory zone is where gas _____ occurs.

exchange

6. The largest cartilage of the larynx forms the “Adam’s _____.”

apple

7. The conducting zone includes the larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and _____ bronchioles.

terminal

8. The _____ bronchioles are part of the respiratory zone, not the conducting zone.

respiratory

9. The primary bronchi are part of the _____ zone.

conducting

10. The larynx helps with breathing and _____ production.

voice

11. The alveoli are the main sites of gas _____.

exchange

12. Type I alveolar cells are specialized for _____ exchange.

gas

13. Type II alveolar cells secrete pulmonary _____.

surfactant

14. Pulmonary surfactant helps reduce surface _____ in the alveoli.

tension

15. The respiratory membrane allows rapid diffusion because alveoli are only _____ cell thick.

one

16. The air-blood barrier is about _____ cells thick.

two

17. The lungs contain a very large alveolar surface area to increase _____.

diffusion

18. Contraction of the diaphragm stimulates _____.

inspiration

19. The external intercostals also help with _____.

inspiration

20. Parasternal intercostals assist with _____.

inspiration

21. Quiet inspiration increases thoracic volume and _____ intrapulmonary pressure.

decreases

22. Quiet expiration is usually caused by lung _____ and increased intrapulmonary pressure.

recoil

23. Forced inspiration may involve contraction of the _____ muscles.

accessory

24. Forced expiration often uses the internal intercostals and abdominal _____.

muscles

25. During inspiration, thoracic volume _____.

increases

26. During inspiration, intrapulmonary pressure _____.

decreases

27. During expiration, intrapulmonary pressure generally _____.

increases

28. Hypoventilation can help correct respiratory _____.

alkalosis

29. Hyperventilation can help correct metabolic _____.

acidosis

30. Respiratory acidosis results from _____ ventilation.

decreased

31. Respiratory alkalosis results from _____ ventilation.

increased

32. The lungs help regulate blood pH by controlling carbon _____ levels.

dioxide

33. The kidneys are responsible for the _____ regulation of blood pH.

long-term

34. Blood pH above 7.45 is called _____.

alkalosis

35. Blood pH below 7.35 is called _____.

acidosis

36. Excessive vomiting may lead to metabolic _____.

alkalosis

37. Hypoventilation can contribute to respiratory _____.

acidosis

38. Hemoglobin transports _____ in the blood.

oxygen

39. Hemoglobin has a very high affinity for carbon _____.

monoxide

40. The affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen is increased during metabolic _____.

alkalosis

41. Carbon monoxide binds to hemoglobin more _____ than oxygen does.

strongly

42. Changes in blood chemistry can affect hemoglobin’s oxygen _____.

affinity

43. A decrease in breathing rate or depth can lead to _____ of carbon dioxide.

retention

44. Increased carbon dioxide in the blood can lower pH and contribute to _____.

acidosis

45. Respiratory disorders can affect both gas exchange and acid-base _____.

balance