Ap world

Chinggis (Genghis) Khan

United Mongols; formed Mongol Empire

Mansa Musa

Emperor of Mali; famous hajj; promoted Islam

Kublai Khan

Yuan Dynasty founder; expanded Mongol rule in China

Marco Polo

European traveler to China; spread interest in Asia

Chinggis (Genghis) Khan

United Mongols; formed Mongol Empire

Mansa Musa

Emperor of Mali; famous hajj; promoted Islam

Kublai Khan

Yuan Dynasty founder; expanded Mongol rule in China

Marco Polo

European traveler to China; spread interest in Asia

Mahmud of Ghazni

Muslim invader of India; looted Hindu temples

Tamerlane (Timur)

Mongol-Turkic conqueror; invaded South Asia

Osman Bey

Founded Ottoman Empire

Feudalism

Political system based on loyalty and landholding

Manorialism

Economic system where peasants worked lords’ land

Chivalry

European knightly code of conduct

Bushido

Japanese samurai code of honor

Golden Horde

Mongol rule over Russia

Grand Canal

Linked northern and southern China

Fast-ripening rice

Champa rice; boosted Chinese agriculture

Magna Carta

Limited English king’s power (1215)

Black Death

Plague that devastated Europe

Trans-Saharan Trade

Gold, salt, slaves; spread Islam in Africa

Southernization

Spread of ideas and goods from Southern Asia

Constantinople

Capital of Byzantine Empire

Istanbul

Renamed city under Ottomans after 1453

Medieval Europe

Feudal, Catholic, decentralized

Tokugawa Japan

Military government, isolated Japan

Byzantine Empire

Eastern Roman Empire; Orthodox Christianity

Ottoman Empire

Muslim empire that conquered Byzantines

Mongol Empire

Largest land empire; promoted trade

Sui Dynasty

Reunified China; built Grand Canal

Tang Dynasty

Buddhist influence; strong government

Song Dynasty

Neo-Confucianism; economic innovation

Ghana Empire

Traded gold and salt; Islamic influence

Mali Empire

Mansa Musa’s empire; Islamic scholarship

Songhay Empire

Successor to Mali; Islamic empire

Swahili City-States

East African coastal trade centers

Zen Buddhism

Japanese Buddhism with focus on meditation

Chan Buddhism

Chinese version of Zen; merged Daoism & Buddhism

Neo-Confucianism

Revival of Confucianism with Buddhist influence

Leonardo da Vinci

Renaissance artist and scientist

Johann Gutenberg

Invented the printing press

Niccolò Machiavelli

Wrote The Prince; power over morality

Martin Luther

95 Theses; started Protestant Reformation

John Calvin

Promoted predestination

Henry VIII

Created Anglican Church after split with Rome

Louis XIV

Absolute monarch of France; “Sun King”

Thomas Hobbes

Leviathan; believed people are naturally bad

John Locke

Believed in natural rights and limited government

Voltaire

Criticized monarchy and Church; supported freedoms

Montesquieu

Separation of powers

Rousseau

Believed in direct democracy

Isaac Newton

Gravity and laws of motion

Galileo

Used telescope; supported heliocentric theory

Peter the Great

Modernized Russia; westernization

Catherine the Great

Enlightened despot of Russia

Zheng He

Led Chinese maritime voyages

Prince Henry the Navigator

Sponsored exploration in Africa

Vasco da Gama

First to reach India by sea

Magellan

Circumnavigated the globe

Cortés

Conquered Aztecs

Pizarro

Conquered Incas

Renaissance

Rebirth of classical learning and arts

Humanism

Focus on human potential and achievements

Secularism

Separation of church and state

95 Theses

Criticisms of the Catholic Church by Martin Luther

Encomienda

Spanish system of forced native labor

Hacienda

Large Spanish estates with coerced labor

Columbian Exchange

Exchange of goods, people, diseases across Atlantic

Triangular Trade

Europe → Africa → Americas trade route

Joint-stock Companies

Shared ownership to fund colonies

Absolutism

Centralized power in monarchy

Divine Right

Monarch’s power comes from God

Geocentric Theory

Earth-centered universe

Heliocentric Theory

Sun-centered universe

Mita System

Incan labor tax; later used by Spanish

Adam Smith

Free-market capitalism (Wealth of Nations)

Karl Marx

Communism; Communist Manifesto

Louis XVI & Marie Antoinette

French Revolution targets

Robespierre

Led the Reign of Terror

Napoleon Bonaparte

Took power after French Revolution

Toussaint L’Ouverture

Led Haitian Revolution

Simón Bolívar

Latin American independence leader

José de San Martín

Helped liberate Argentina, Chile

Miguel Hidalgo

Led Mexican independence

Giuseppe Garibaldi

Unified southern Italy

Camillo di Cavour

Unified northern Italy

Otto von Bismarck

Unified Germany

Kaiser Wilhelm I

First German emperor

Matthew Perry

Opened Japan to U.S. trade

Lenin

Led Russian Revolution (1917)

Trotsky

Lenin’s ally; led Red Army

Muhammad Ali (Egypt)

Modernized Egypt

Eli Whitney

Cotton gin; interchangeable parts

Industrial Revolution

Shift to mechanized factory production

Socialism

Government ownership of key industries

Communism

Classless society with shared property

French Estates System

Social classes in pre-revolutionary France

Reign of Terror

Period of violence in French Revolution

Congress of Vienna

Restored monarchies post-Napoleon

Scramble for Africa

European imperialism in Africa