Monohybrid and Dihybrid Crosses

These flashcards cover key vocabulary and concepts related to monohybrid and dihybrid crosses as discussed in the lecture.

Monohybrid Cross

A genetic cross that examines the inheritance of a single trait.

Dihybrid Cross

A genetic cross examining the inheritance of two traits simultaneously.

Gametes

Sex cells that contain half the genetic material, such as pollen in plants.

Phenotype

The observable characteristics or traits of an organism.

Genotype

The genetic makeup of an organism, often represented by alleles.

Punnett Square

A diagram used to predict the outcome of a genetic cross.

Independent Assortment

Mendel's second law stating that alleles of different genes assort independently during gamete formation.

Segregation

Mendel's first law stating that the two alleles for a trait separate during gamete formation.

Testcross

A cross between an individual with an unknown genotype and a homozygous recessive individual to determine the unknown genotype.

Homozygous Dominant

An organism with two identical dominant alleles for a trait.

Heterozygous

An organism with two different alleles for a trait.

Recessive Trait

A trait that is only expressed when two recessive alleles are present.

Polygenic Traits

Traits that are influenced by multiple genes.

F1 Generation

The first generation of offspring from a genetic cross.

F2 Generation

The second generation of offspring from a genetic cross, typically resulting from F1 interbreeding.

Alleles

Different forms of a gene that can exist at a specific locus on a chromosome.

Cystic Fibrosis

A genetic disorder caused by a recessive allele, requiring two copies for the phenotype to be expressed.

FOIL Method

A technique used to determine the possible gametes from a dihybrid cross by multiplying each allele combination.