cam e eng lang terms quizzes

hypernym

broader term for an item, for example furniture classifies table and chair

hyponym

specific terms for items, for example a spoon is a part of cutlery

idiom

phrases generally understood in a language but which do not directly translate

intensifier

A word that has little meaning by itself but adds force to other phrases (really, very)

jargon

words and phrases known primarily by a group of people allowing efficient exchange of complex information

lexis

complete vocab for a language

semantic field

A group of words that relate to a shared area of meaning (needle, nurse, antibiotic in medicine)

active voice

subject of a verb is perming the action involved

passive voice

subject receives the action of a verb (the ball was kicked)

adjunct

option or less important clause or sentence (prepositional phrases usually)

clause

part of a sentence, containing a subject and a verb phrase

coordination

connecting two or more independent clauses through the use of coordinating conjunctions

subordination

connecting two+ clauses where only one is independent

head word

the main word in a phrase (boy in happy boy)

mode

format through which ideas or content are communicated to an audience (spoken, written, electronic, image, and can be combined)

modification

adding words to a head word to give more detail; premodification (before, red car) and postmodification (after, woman who was walking)

mood

speaker or writer can express an attitude towards a subject including declarative, interrogative, and imperative [+subjunctive, imperative]

prefix

letters conveying a particular meaning added to a front of a word (greek and latin)

suffix

letters conveying a particular meaning added to the end of a word (greek and latin)

syntax

way words are ordered in a sentence

acronym

word from the initial letters of two+ words

initialism

an abbreviation consisting of initial letters pronounced separately

amelioration

word takes on a more positive connotation over time

archaism

word no longer in everyday us, lost particular meaning in current usage

blending

forming a new word by combining the beginning of one word with the end of another (ex. konglish)

borrowing

introducing specific words or forms of words into another language (ex. pasta, weekend)

broadening

meaning of a word becomes more inclusive over time

clipping

where a word is shortened to form a new variant (ex. ad, photo, math)

coinage

creation of new words

colloquial

casual conversation of everyday language

compounding

compound words; word from two already existing words (ex. whiteboard)

conversion

creating a new word using an existing one for a different context

derivation

creation of a new word from an existing word with an additional prefix or suffix

eponym

name of something that is also the name of someone credited with inventing or discovering it

narrowing

word becomes narrower or more limited than before

neology

process through which new words are found (ex. acronyms, blends, compounds, eponyms)

pejoration

word takes a more negative connotation over time

telescoping

contraction of a phrase by part of a word (ex. biologically degradable → biodegradable)

phonology

study of cognitive aspect of sounds and sound patterns (meaning to sounds)

morphology

study of words and the various forms they take (ex. -ed)

old english

early english brought to britain by anglo-saxon settlers in the 5th century until approximately 1100.

middle english

spoken and written language evolving from norman french and old english dialects prominent in england and British isles between approximately 1100 and 1500.

early modern english

period between 1500 and 1800, sudden and distinctive change in pronunciation and increased inclusion of vocabulary of continental european and classical origin

late modern english

english written and spoken from approximately 1800 until present day

graphology

the writing sys, as well as other visual elements on a page, study of the way people make letters and words (format)

orthography

part of language concerned with letters and spelling

pragmatics

way in which meaning can change due to context

proper nouns

specific name for person, place, or thing

transitive verb

action verb that needs a direct object

predicate adjective

follows a linking verb and describes or modifies the subject (ex. the sky is blue)

adverbs of manner

word that describes action by answer questions ”how?” (ex. -ly)

possessive pronouns

word that shows who owns something and replaces a noun

spatial prepositions

words that describe physical location, direction, or position (“where?”)

interjection

words used to express sudden feeling, emotion, or reaction

volitive interjections

word or sound used to give a command (shh, ahem)

subordinating conjunctions

connects independent to depending clause

coordinating conjunctions

connects 2+ independent clauses

determiners

word place before a noun to clarify quantity, ownership, or identity (articles, demonstratives, possessives, quantifiers, numbers)

definite articles

word before noun to show reader already knows the identity (the)

audience

The readers and/or listeners of a text.

analogy

A comparison of two things which have some element of similarity. The similarity is often used to help clarify an issue or idea.

cataphoric reference

word refers to later part of a text for its meaning (her refers to “my old friend” later)

dialectical structure

three part argument moving from thesis, antithesis, and a synthesis that combines the two

direct speech

use of the exact words spoken by a speaker

discourse

any spoken or written language that is longer than a single sentence

exophoric reference

word refers to something outside a text for its meaning (speaker expects target audience to know what is it)

foregrounding

grammatical or syntactic devices to draw attention to a particular idea

form

specific type of whatever category is being considered (usually textual form’ how elements combine to create a unified and recognizable whole) and can be divided into genres

formality

extent to which spoken or written texts either conform to standard conventions or employ more personal language strats

genre

A subdivision of textual form determined by the text’s content (e.g. fantasy novel, tragic play, ballad, online review, television commercial, formal report).

implicature

A meaning that is suggested by an utterance, rather than being explicitly stated or directly entailed by the words used.

in media res

beginning a narrative in the middle of the events without any buildup or explanation

inference

act of deducing implied meanings

intertextuality

where a text produces additional meaning by referring in some way to another text

irony

intended meaning of a text or utterance differs from its literal interpretation

narrative structure

way a story is constructed

omniscient narrator

narrator knows all the thoughts, actions, and feelings of characters

perspective

point of view

prose

ordinary language without a rhyming pattern or rhythmic structure

register

variety of language used in a particular situation, regard to levels of formality

tragedy

sad event or situation with death or suffering

experience

process of gaining knowledge or skill from doing, seeing, or feeling things

conscientiousness

working hard and being careful

truly

really existing, used for emphasis

extraordinary

very unusual, special, or strange

twelfth

one of twelve equal parts

disastrous

very bad or unsuccessful

tyranny

government by a ruler who has unlimited power and uses it cruelly

Februrary

second month of the year

assassination

murder or someone famous or important