Campbell Biology 8th Ed Test Bank Chapter 27

1) Mycoplasmas are bacteria that lack cell walls. On the basis of this structural feature, which

statement concerning mycoplasmas should be true?

A) They are gram-negative.

B) They are subject to lysis in hypotonic conditions.

C) They lack a cell membrane as well.

D) They undergo ready fossilization in sedimentary rock.

E) They possess typical prokaryotic flagella.

B

Topic: Concept 27.1

: Knowledge/Comprehension

2) Though plants, fungi, and prokaryotes all have cell walls, we place them in different taxa.

Which of these observations comes closest to explaining the basis for placing these

organisms in different taxa, well before relevant data from molecular systematics became

available?

A) Some closely resemble animals, which lack cell walls.

B) Their cell walls are composed of very different biochemicals.

C) Some have cell walls only for support.

D) Some have cell walls only for protection from herbivores.

E) Some have cell walls only to control osmotic balance.

B

Topic: Concept 27.1

: Knowledge/Comprehension

3) Which is the bacterial structure that acts as a selective barrier, allowing nutrients to enter

the cell and wastes to leave the cell?

A) plasma membrane

B) capsule

C) cell wall

D) nucleoid region

E) pili

A

Topic: Concept 27.1

: Knowledge/Comprehension

546

4) Which statement about bacterial cell walls is false?

A) Bacterial cell walls differ in molecular composition from plant cell walls.

B) Cell walls prevent cells from bursting in hypotonic environments.

C) Cell walls prevent cells from dying in hypertonic conditions.

D) Bacterial cell walls are similar in function to the cell walls of many protists, fungi, and

plants.

E) Cell walls provide the cell with a degree of physical protection from the environment.

C

Topic: Concept 27.1

: Knowledge/Comprehension

5) Which of these is the most common compound in the cell walls of gram-positive bacteria?

A) cellulose

B) lipopolysaccharide

C) lignin

D) peptidoglycan

E) protein

D

Topic: Concept 27.1

: Knowledge/Comprehension

6) Penicillin is an antibiotic that inhibits enzymes from catalyzing the synthesis of

peptidoglycan, so which prokaryotes should be most vulnerable to inhibition by penicillin?

A) mycoplasmas

B) gram-positive bacteria

C) archaea

D) gram-negative bacteria

E) endospore-bearing bacteria

B

Topic: Concept 27.1

: Knowledge/Comprehension

7) The predatory bacterium, Bdellovibrio bacteriophorus, drills into a prey bacterium and, once

inside, digests it. In an attack upon a gram-negative bacterium that has a slimy cell

covering which can inhibit phagocytosis, what is the correct sequence of structures

penetrated by B. bacteriophorus on its way to the preyʹs cytoplasm?

1. membrane composed mostly of lipopolysaccharide

2. membrane composed mostly of phospholipids

3. peptidoglycan

4. capsule

A) 2 4 3 1

B) 1 3 4 2

C) 1 4 3 2

D) 4 1 3 2

E) 4 3 1 2

D

Topic: Concept 27.1

: Application/Analysis

8) Jams, jellies, preserves, honey, and other foodstuffs with a high sugar content hardly ever

become contaminated by bacteria, even when the food containers are left open at room

temperature. This is because bacteria that encounter such an environment

A) undergo death by plasmolysis.

B) are unable to metabolize the glucose or fructose, and thus starve to death.

C) undergo death by lysis.

D) are obligate anaerobes.

E) are unable to swim through these thick and viscous materials.

A

Topic: Concept 27.1

: Application/Analysis

9) In a hypothetical situation, the genes for sex pilus construction and for tetracycline

resistance are located together on the same plasmid within a particular bacterium. If this

bacterium readily performs conjugation involving a copy of this plasmid, then the result

should be

A) a transformed bacterium.

B) the rapid spread of tetracycline resistance to other bacteria in that habitat.

C) the subsequent loss of tetracycline resistance from this bacterium.

D) the production of endospores among the bacteriumʹs progeny.

E) the temporary possession by this bacterium of a completely diploid genome.

B

Topic: Concept 27.1

: Application/Analysis

10) In a bacterium that possesses antibiotic resistance and the potential to persist through very

adverse conditions, such as freezing, drying, or high temperatures, DNA should be located

within, or be part of, which structures?

1. nucleoid region

2. flagellum

3. endospore

4. fimbriae

5. plasmids

A) 1 only

B) 1 and 4

C) 1 and 5

D) 1, 3, and 5

E) 2, 4, and 5

D

Topic: Concept 27.1

: Application/Analysis

548 Chapter 27, Bacteria and Archaea

11) Which two structures play direct roles in permitting bacteria to adhere to each other, or to

other surfaces?

1. capsules

2. endospores

3. fimbriae

4. plasmids

5. flagella

A) 1 and 2

B) 1 and 3

C) 2 and 3

D) 3 and 4

E) 3 and 5

B

Topic: Concept 27.1

: Knowledge/Comprehension

12) The typical prokaryotic flagellum features

A) an internal 9 + 2 pattern of microtubules.

B) an external covering provided by the plasma membrane.

C) a complex ʺmotorʺ embedded in the cell wall and plasma membrane.

D) a basal body that is similar in structure to the cellʹs centrioles.

C

Topic: Concept 27.1

: Knowledge/Comprehension

13) Prokaryotic ribosomes differ from those present in eukaryotic cytosol. Because of this,

which of the following is correct?

A) Some selective antibiotics can block protein synthesis of bacteria without effects on

protein synthesis in the eukaryotic host.

B) Eukaryotes did not evolve from prokaryotes.

C) Translation can occur at the same time as transcription in eukaryotes but not in

prokaryotes.

D) Some antibiotics can block the synthesis of peptidoglycan in the walls of bacteria.

E) Prokaryotes are able to use a much greater variety of molecules as food sources than

can eukaryotes.

A

Topic: Concept 27.1

: Knowledge/Comprehension

14) Which statement about the genomes of prokaryotes is correct?

A) Prokaryotic genomes are diploid throughout most of the cell cycle.

B) Prokaryotic chromosomes are sometimes called plasmids.

C) Prokaryotic cells have multiple chromosomes, ʺpackedʺ with a relatively large

amount of protein.

D) The prokaryotic chromosome is not contained within a nucleus but, rather, is found at

the nucleoid region.

E) Prokaryotic genomes are composed of linear DNA (that is, DNA existing in the form

of a line with two ends).

D

Topic: Concept 27.1

: Knowledge/Comprehension

Chapter 27, Bacteria and Archaea 549

15) If a bacterium regenerates from an endospore that did not possess any of the plasmids that

were contained in its original parent cell, the regenerated bacterium will probably

A) lack antibiotic-resistant genes.

B) lack a cell wall.

C) lack a chromosome.

D) lose base pairs from its chromosome.

E) be unable to survive in its normal environment.

A

Topic: Concept 27.1

: Knowledge/Comprehension

The following questions refer to structures found in a gram-positive prokaryotic cell.

16) Which of the following is composed almost entirely of peptidoglycan?

A) endospore

B) sex pilus

C) flagellum

D) cell wall

E) capsule

D

Topic: Concept 27.1

: Knowledge/Comprehension

17) Which of the following requires ATP to function, and permits some species to respond to

taxes (plural of taxis)?

A) endospore

B) sex pilus

C) flagellum

D) cell wall

E) capsule

C

Topic: Concept 27.1

: Knowledge/Comprehension

18) Not present in all bacteria, this cell covering enables cells that possess it to resist the

defenses of host organisms:

A) endospore

B) sex pilus

C) flagellum

D) cell wall

E) capsule

E

Topic: Concept 27.1

: Knowledge/Comprehension

550 Chapter 27, Bacteria and Archaea

19) Not present in all bacteria, this structure enables those that possess it to germinate after

exposure to harsh conditions, such as boiling:

A) endospore

B) sex pilus

C) flagellum

D) cell wall

E) capsule

A

Topic: Concept 27.1

: Knowledge/Comprehension

20) Which of the following is a structure that permits conjugation to occur?

A) endospore

B) sex pilus

C) flagellum

D) cell wall

E) capsule

B

Topic: Concept 27.1

: Knowledge/Comprehension

21) Which of the following is an important source of endotoxin in gram-negative species?

A) endospore

B) sex pilus

C) flagellum

D) cell wall

E) capsule

D

Topic: Concept 27.1

: Knowledge/Comprehension

22) If this structure connects the cytoplasm of two bacteria, one of these cells may gain new

genetic material:

A) endospore

B) sex pilus

C) flagellum

D) cell wall

E) capsule

B

Topic: Concept 27.1

: Knowledge/Comprehension

Chapter 27, Bacteria and Archaea 551

23) Which of the following contains a copy of the chromosome, along with a small amount of

dehydrated cytoplasm, within a tough wall?

A) endospore

B) sex pilus

C) flagellum

D) cell wall

E) capsule

A

Topic: Concept 27.1

: Knowledge/Comprehension

24) Regarding prokaryotic reproduction, which statement is correct?

A) Prokaryotes form gametes by meiosis.

B) Prokaryotes feature the union of haploid gametes, as do eukaryotes.

C) Prokaryotes exchange some of their genes by conjugation, the union of haploid

gametes, and transduction.

D) Mutation is a primary source of variation in prokaryote populations.

E) Prokaryotes skip sexual life cycles because their life cycle is too short.

D

Topic: Concept 27.2

: Knowledge/Comprehension

25) Which of these statements about prokaryotes is correct?

A) Bacterial cells conjugate to mutually exchange genetic material.

B) Their genetic material is confined within a nuclear envelope.

C) They divide by binary fission, without mitosis or meiosis.

D) The persistence of bacteria throughout evolutionary time is due to their genetic

homogeneity (i.e., sameness).

E) Genetic variation in bacteria is not known to occur, nor should it occur, because of

their asexual mode of reproduction.

C

Topic: Concept 27.2

: Knowledge/Comprehension

552 Chapter 27, Bacteria and Archaea

The following questions refer to Figure 27.1 below, which is the same as Figure 27.10 in the textbook.

In this 8-year experiment, 12 populations of E. coli, each begun from a single cell, were grown in

low-glucose conditions for 20,000 generations. Each culture was introduced to fresh growth medium

every 24 hours. Occasionally, samples were removed from the populations, and their fitness in

low-glucose conditions was tested against that of members sampled from the ancestral (common

ancestor) E. coli population.

Figure 27.1

26) Which term best describes what has occurred among the experimental populations of cells

over this 8-year period?

A) microevolution

B) speciation

C) adaptive radiation

D) sexual selection

E) stabilizing selection

A

Topic: Concept 27.2

: Knowledge/Comprehension

27) If it occurs in the absence of any other type of adaptation listed here, which of these is least

reasonable in terms of promoting bacterial survival over evolutionary time in a

low-glucose environment?

A) increased efficiency at transporting glucose into the cell from the environment

B) increased ability to survive on simple sugars, other than glucose

C) increased ability to synthesize glucose from amino acid precursors

D) increased reliance on glycolytic enzymes

E) increased sensitivity to, and ability to move toward, whatever glucose is present in its

habitat

D

Topic: Concept 27.2

: Application/Analysis

Chapter 27, Bacteria and Archaea 553

28) Which of these can be inferred from Figure 27.1?

A) Most of the genetic change that permitted adaptation to the new, low-glucose

environment occurred toward the conclusion of the experiment.

B) Rates of mitosis increased over the course of the experiment.

C) The highest rate of genetic change occurred during the first quarter of the experiment.

D) After 5,000 generations, the bacteria were 100% more fit than the original, ancestral

bacteria.

C

Topic: Concept 27.2

: Application/Analysis

29) If the vertical axis of Figure 27.1 refers to ʺDarwinian fitness,ʺ then which of these is the

most valid and accurate measure of fitness?

A) number of daughter cells produced per mother cell per generation

B) amount of ATP generated per cell per unit time

C) average swimming speed of cells through the growth medium

D) amount of glucose synthesized per unit time

E) number of generations per unit time

E

Topic: Concept 27.2

: Synthesis/Evaluation

30) If new genetic variation in the experimental populations arose solely by spontaneous

mutations, then the most effective process for subsequently increasing the prevalence of the

beneficial mutations in the population over the course of generations is

A) transduction.

B) binary fission.

C) conjugation.

D) transformation.

E) meiosis.

B

Topic: Concept 27.2

: Application/Analysis

31) E. coli cells typically make most of their ATP by metabolizing glucose. Under the conditions

of this experiment, what should be true of E. coliʹs generation time (especially early in the

course of the experiment, but less so later on)?

A) Generation time should be the same as in the typical environment.

B) Generation time should be faster than in the typical environment.

C) Generation time should be slower than in the typical environment.

D) It is theoretically impossible to make any predictions about generation time, under

these conditions.

C

Topic: Concept 27.2

: Application/Analysis

554 Chapter 27, Bacteria and Archaea

32) If the experimental population of E. coli lacks an F factor or F plasmid, and if bacteriophage

are excluded from the bacterial cultures, then which of these is a means by which beneficial

mutations might be transmitted horizontally to other E. coli cells?

A) via sex pili

B) via transduction

C) via conjugation

D) via transformation

E) both A and C above

D

Topic: Concept 27.2

: Application/Analysis

33) Among the six statements below, which two best account for the results obtained by the

researchers (see Figure 27.1)?

1. Low-glucose conditions caused mutations that made individual E. coli cells better suited

to these conditions.

2. Daughter cells acquired the ability to tolerate low-glucose conditions as they received

the enzymes and membrane components that had been modified by their mother cell.

3. The initial E. coli population may have included some cells whose genes favored their

survival in low-glucose conditions-OR-such genetic variants arose by chance early in the

experiment.

4. The first few generations of E. coli in low-glucose conditions responded to the challenge

by increasing the use of certain enzymes and ion pumps, while decreasing the use of others.

This behavior was recorded in their gene sequences, which were later transmitted to

daughter cells.

5. From generation to generation, there was an increase in the proportion of the

experimental populations adapted to low-glucose conditions, because such bacteria

produced relatively more offspring than did ancestral bacteria under low-glucose

conditions.

6. During each generation, individual cells evolved to increase their survival in

low-glucose conditions.

A) 3 and 5

B) 1 and 5

C) 2 and 4

D) 1 and 6

E) 1 and 3

A

Topic: Concept 27.2

: Synthesis/Evaluation

34) Which term is least closely associated with the others?

A) Hfr cells making use of a sex pilus

B) rolling circle replication

C) the ʺtoilet paperʺ model of replication

D) conjugation involving an F factor

E) recombination involving a bacteriophage

E

Topic: Concept 27.2

: Knowledge/Comprehension

Chapter 27, Bacteria and Archaea 555

Figure 27.2 depicts changes to the amount of DNA present in a recipient cell that is engaged in

conjugation with an Hfr cell. Hfr-cell DNA begins entering the recipient cell at Time A. Assume that

reciprocal crossing-over occurs (i.e., a fragment of the recipientʹs chromosome is exchanged for a

homologous fragment from the Hfr cellʹs DNA). Use Figure 27.2 to answer the following questions.

Figure 27.2

35) What is occurring at Time C that is decreasing the DNA content?

A) crossing-over

B) cytokinesis

C) meiosis

D) degradation of DNA that was not retained in the recipientʹs chromosome

E) reversal of the direction of conjugation

D

Topic: Concept 27.2

: Application/Analysis

36) How is the recipient cell different at Time D than it was at Time A?

A) It has a greater number of genes.

B) It has a greater mass of DNA.

C) It has a different sequence of base pairs.

D) It contains bacteriophage DNA.

E) It has a greater number of introns.

C

Topic: Concept 27.2

: Application/Analysis

37) Which two processes are responsible for the shape of the curve at Time B?

1. transduction

2. entry of single-stranded Hfr DNA

3. rolling circle replication of single-stranded Hfr DNA

4. activation of DNA pumps in plasma membrane

5. ʺtoilet paperʺ replication of recipient cellʹs plasmids

A) 1 and 4

B) 2 and 3

C) 3 and 5

D) 1 and 3

E) 4 and 5

B

Topic: Concept 27.2

: Synthesis/Evaluation

556 Chapter 27, Bacteria and Archaea

38) During which two times can the recipient accurately be described as ʺrecombinantʺ due to

the sequence of events portrayed in Figure 27.2?

A) during Times C and D

B) during Times A and C

C) during Times B and C

D) during Times A and B

E) during Times B and D

A

Topic: Concept 27.2

: Synthesis/Evaluation

39) Which question, arising from the results depicted in Figure 27.2, is most interesting from a

genetic perspective, and has the greatest potential to increase our knowledge base?

A) If reciprocal crossing-over could occur even if the piece of donated Hfr DNA is

identical to the homologous portion of the recipientʹs chromosome, what prevents this

from occurring?

B) Why do geneticists refer to the same structure by at least three different names: sex

pilus, mating bridge, and conjugation tube? Why all the jargon?

C) What forces are generally responsible for disrupting the mating bridge?

D) How is it that a recipient cell does not necessarily become an Hfr cell as the result of

conjugation with an Hfr cell?

E) What makes a cell an ʺHfr cellʺ?

A

Topic: Concept 27.2

: Synthesis/Evaluation

Match the numbered terms to the descriptions that follow. For each item, choose all appropriate terms, but only

appropriate terms.

1. autotroph

2. heterotroph

3. phototroph

4. chemotroph

40) an organism that obtains its energy from chemicals

A) 1 only

B) 2 only

C) 3 only

D) 4 only

E) 1 and 4

D

Topic: Concept 27.3

: Knowledge/Comprehension

Chapter 27, Bacteria and Archaea 557

41) a prokaryote that obtains both energy and carbon as it decomposes dead organisms

A) 1 only

B) 4 only

C) 1 and 3

D) 2 and 4

E) 1, 3, and 4

D

Topic: Concept 27.3

: Knowledge/Comprehension

42) an organism that obtains both carbon and energy by ingesting prey

A) 1 only

B) 4 only

C) 1 and 3

D) 2 and 4

E) 1, 3, and 4

D

Topic: Concept 27.3

: Knowledge/Comprehension

43) an organism that relies on photons to excite electrons within its membranes

A) 1 only

B) 3 only

C) 1 and 3

D) 2 and 4

E) 1, 3, and 4

B

Topic: Concept 27.3

: Knowledge/Comprehension

44) Which of the following are responsible for many human diseases?

A) photoautotrophs

B) photoheterotrophs

C) chemoautotrophs

D) chemoheterotrophs that perform decomposition

E) parasitic chemoheterotrophs

E

Topic: Concept 27.3

: Knowledge/Comprehension

45) Cyanobacteria are

A) photoautotrophs.

B) photoheterotrophs.

C) chemoautotrophs.

D) chemoheterotrophs that perform decomposition.

E) parasitic chemoheterotrophs.

A

Topic: Concept 27.3

: Knowledge/Comprehension

558 Chapter 27, Bacteria and Archaea

46) Which of the following use light energy to synthesize organic compounds from CO2?

A) photoautotrophs

B) photoheterotrophs

C) chemoautotrophs

D) chemoheterotrophs that perform decomposition

E) parasitic chemoheterotrophs

A

Topic: Concept 27.3

: Knowledge/Comprehension

47) Which of the following obtain energy by oxidizing inorganic substances; energy that is

used, in part, to fix CO2?

A) photoautotrophs

B) photoheterotrophs

C) chemoautotrophs

D) chemoheterotrophs that perform decomposition

E) parasitic chemoheterotrophs

C

Topic: Concept 27.3

: Knowledge/Comprehension

48) Which of the following use light energy to generate ATP, but do not release oxygen?

A) photoautotrophs

B) photoheterotrophs

C) chemoautotrophs

D) chemoheterotrophs that perform decomposition

E) parasitic chemoheterotrophs

B

Topic: Concept 27.3

: Knowledge/Comprehension

49) Which of the following are responsible for high levels of O2 in Earthʹs atmosphere?

A) photoautotrophs

B) photoheterotrophs

C) chemoautotrophs

D) chemoheterotrophs that perform decomposition

E) parasitic chemoheterotrophs

A

Topic: Concept 27.3

: Knowledge/Comprehension

Chapter 27, Bacteria and Archaea 559

50) Modes of obtaining nutrients, used by at least some bacteria, include all of the following

except

A) chemoautotrophy.

B) photoautotrophy.

C) heteroautotrophy.

D) chemoheterotrophy.

E) photoheterotrophy.

C

Topic: Concept 27.3

: Knowledge/Comprehension

51) Only certain prokaryotes can perform nitrogen fixation, but nitrogen-fixing prokaryotes

are not known to live inside animals. Thus, how do animals gain access to fixed nitrogen?

A) They may breathe it in from air that has experienced lightning discharges.

B) They may ingest nitrogen fixers.

C) They may ingest plants that harbor nitrogen fixers, or plants that absorbed fixed

nitrogen from the soil.

D) They may ingest other animals that had done either (B) or (C) above.

E) Answers (B), (C), and (D) above are all possible.

E

Topic: Concept 27.3

: Application/Analysis

52) Given that the enzymes that catalyze nitrogen fixation are inhibited by oxygen, what are

two ʺstrategiesʺ that nitrogen-fixing prokaryotes might use to protect these enzymes from

oxygen?

1. couple them with photosystem II (the photosystem that splits water molecules)

2. package them in membranes that are impermeable to all gases

3. be obligate anaerobes

4. be strict aerobes

5. package these enzymes in specialized cells or compartments that inhibit oxygen entry

A) 1 and 4

B) 2 and 4

C) 2 and 5

D) 3 and 4

E) 3 and 5

E

Topic: Concept 27.3

: Knowledge/Comprehension

560 Chapter 27, Bacteria and Archaea

53) Nitrogenase, the enzyme that catalyzes nitrogen fixation, is inhibited whenever free O2

reaches a critical concentration. Consequently, nitrogen fixation cannot occur in cells

wherein photosynthesis produces free O2. Consider the colonial aquatic cyanobacterium,

Anabaena, whose heterocytes are described as having ʺ...a thickened cell wall that restricts

entry of O2 produced by neighboring cells. Intracellular connections allow heterocytes to

transport fixed nitrogen to neighboring cells in exchange for carbohydrates.ʺ Which two

questions below arise from a careful reading of this quotation, and are most important for

understanding how N2 enters heterocytes, and how O2 is kept out of heterocytes?

1. If carbohydrates can enter the heterocytes from neighboring cells via the ʺintracellular

connections,ʺ how is it that O2 doesnʹt also enter via this route?

2. If the cell walls of Anabaenaʹs photosynthetic cells are permeable to O2 and CO2, are they

also permeable to N2?

3. If the nuclei of the photosynthetic cells contain the genes that code for nitrogen fixation,

how can these cells fail to perform nitrogen fixation?

4. If the nuclei of the heterocytes contain the genes that code for photosynthesis, how can

these cells fail to perform photosynthesis?

5. If the cell walls of Anabaenaʹs heterocytes are permeable to N2, how is it that N2 doesnʹt

diffuse out of the heterocytes before it can be fixed?

6. If the thick cell walls of the heterocytes exclude entry of oxygen gas, how is it that they

donʹt also exclude the entry of nitrogen gas?

A) 3 and 4

B) 2 and 5

C) 1 and 3

D) 4 and 6

E) 1 and 6

E

Topic: Concept 27.3

: Synthesis/Evaluation

Chapter 27, Bacteria and Archaea 561

54) The data were collected from the heterocytes of a nitrogen-fixing cyanobacterium

inhabiting equatorial ponds. Study the graph below and choose the most likely explanation

for the shape of the curve.

A) Enough O2 enters heterocytes during hours of peak photosynthesis to have a

somewhat-inhibitory affect on nitrogen fixation.

B) Light-dependent reaction rates must be highest between 1800 hours and 0600 hours.

C) Atmospheric N2 levels increase at night because plants are no longer metabolizing

this gas, so are not absorbing this gas through their stomata.

D) Heterocyte walls become less permeable to N2 influx during darkness.

E) The amount of fixed nitrogen that is dissolved in the pond water in which the

cyanobacteria are growing peaks at the close of the photosynthetic day (1800 h).

A

Topic: Concept 27.3

: Synthesis/Evaluation

55) Mitochondria are thought to be the descendants of certain alpha -proteobacteria. They are,

however, no longer able to lead independent lives because most genes originally present on

their chromosome have moved to the nuclear genome. Which phenomenon accounts for

the movement of these genes?

A) horizontal gene transfer

B) binary fission

C) alternative gene splicing

D) meiosis

E) plasmolysis

A

Topic: Concept 27.4

: Knowledge/Comprehension

56) Carl Woese and collaborators identified two major branches of prokaryotic evolution. What

was the basis for dividing prokaryotes into two domains?

A) microscopic examination of staining characteristics of the cell wall

B) metabolic characteristics such as the production of methane gas

C) metabolic characteristics such as chemoautotrophy and photosynthesis

D) genetic characteristics such as ribosomal RNA sequences

E) ecological characteristics such as the ability to survive in extreme environments

D

Topic: Concept 27.4

: Knowledge/Comprehension

562 Chapter 27, Bacteria and Archaea

57) Which statement about the domain Archaea is false?

A) Genetic prospecting has recently revealed the existence of many previously unknown

archean species.

B) Some archaeans can reduce CO2 to methane.

C) The genomes of archaeans are unique, containing no genes that originated within

bacteria.

D) Some archaeans can inhabit solutions that are nearly 30% salt.

E) Some archaeans are adapted to waters with temperatures above the boiling point.

C

Topic: Concept 27.4

: Knowledge/Comprehension

58) If archaeans are more closely related to eukaryotes than to bacteria, then which of the

following is a reasonable prediction?

A) Archaean DNA should have no introns.

B) Archaean chromosomes should have no protein bonded to them.

C) Archaean DNA should be single-stranded.

D) Archaean ribosomes should be larger than typical prokaryotic ribosomes.

E) Archaeans should lack cell walls.

D

Topic: Concept 27.4

: Knowledge/Comprehension

59) Which of the following traits do archaeans and bacteria share?

1. composition of the cell wall

2. presence of plasma membrane

3. lack of a nuclear envelope

4. identical rRNA sequences

A) 1 only

B) 3 only

C) 1 and 3

D) 2 and 3

E) 2 and 4

D

Topic: Concept 27.4

: Knowledge/Comprehension

60) Assuming that each of these possesses a cell wall, which prokaryotes should be expected to

be most strongly resistant to plasmolysis in hypertonic environments?

A) extreme halophiles

B) extreme thermophiles

C) methanogens

D) cyanobacteria

E) nitrogen-fixing bacteria that live in root nodules

A

Topic: Concept 27.4

: Knowledge/Comprehension

Chapter 27, Bacteria and Archaea 563

61) Consider the thermoacidophile, Sulfolobus acidocaldarius. Which graph most accurately

depicts the expected temperature and pH profiles of its enzymes? (NOTE: the horizontal

axes of these graphs are double, with pH above, and temperature below.)

A)

B)

C)

D)

564 Chapter 27, Bacteria and Archaea

A

Topic: Concept 27.4

: Application/Analysis

62) The thermoacidophile, Sulfolobus acidocaldarius lacks peptidoglycan. What is likely to be

true of this species?

1. It is a bacterium.

2. It is an archaean.

3. The optimal pH of its enzymes will lie above pH 7.

4. The optimal pH of its enzymes will lie below pH 7.

5. It could inhabit certain hydrothermal springs.

6. It could inhabit alkaline hot springs.

A) 1, 3, and 6

B) 2, 4, and 6

C) 2, 4, and 5

D) 1, 3, and 5

E) 1, 4, and 5

C

Topic: Concept 27.4

: Application/Analysis

63) A fish that had been salt-cured subsequently develops a reddish color. You suspect that the

fish has been contaminated by the extreme halophile, Halobacterium. Which of these

features of cells removed from the surface of the fish, if confirmed, would support your

suspicion?

1. the presence of the same photosynthetic pigments found in cyanobacteria

2. cell walls that lack peptidoglycan

3. cells that are isotonic to conditions on the surface of the fish

4. its cells contain bacteriorhodopsin

5. the presence of very large numbers of ion pumps in its plasma membrane

A) 2 and 5

B) 3 and 4

C) 1, 4, and 5

D) 3, 4, and 5

E) 2, 3, 4, and 5

E

Topic: Concept 27.4

: Application/Analysis

Chapter 27, Bacteria and Archaea 565

64) The termite gut protist, Mixotricha paradoxa, has at least two kinds of bacteria attached to its

outer surface. One kind is a spirochete that propels its host through the termite gut. A

second type of bacteria synthesizes ATP, some of which is used by the spirochetes. The

locomotion provided by the spirochetes introduces the ATP-producing bacteria to new

food sources. Which term(s) is (are) applicable to the relationship between the two kinds of

bacteria?

1. mutualism

2. parasitism

3. symbiosis

4. metabolic cooperation

A) 1 only

B) 1 and 2

C) 2 and 3

D) 1, 3, and 4

E) all four terms

D

Topic: Concept 27.5

: Application/Analysis

65) What is the primary ecological role of prokaryotes?

A) parasitizing eukaryotes, thus causing diseases

B) breaking down organic matter

C) metabolizing materials in extreme environments

D) adding methane to the atmosphere

E) serving as primary producers in terrestrial environments

B

Topic: Concept 27.5

: Knowledge/Comprehension

66) If all prokaryotes on Earth suddenly vanished, which of the following would be the most

likely and most direct result?

A) The number of organisms on Earth would decrease by 10—20%.

B) Human populations would thrive in the absence of disease.

C) Bacteriophage numbers would dramatically increase.

D) The recycling of nutrients would be greatly reduced, at least initially.

E) There would be no more pathogens on Earth.

D

Topic: Concept 27.5

: Knowledge/Comprehension

566 Chapter 27, Bacteria and Archaea

67) In a hypothetical situation, a bacterium lives on the surface of a leaf, where it obtains

nutrition from the leafʹs nonliving, waxy covering, while inhibiting the growth of other

microbes that are plant pathogens. If this bacterium gains access to the inside of a leaf, it

causes a fatal disease in the plant. Once the plant dies, the bacterium and its offspring

decompose the plant. What is the correct sequence of ecological roles played by the

bacterium in the situation described here? Use only those that apply.

1. nutrient recycler

2. mutualist

3. commensal

4. parasite

5. primary producer

A) 1, 3, 4

B) 2, 3, 4

C) 2, 4, 1

D) 1, 2, 5

E) 1, 2, 3

C

Topic: Concept 27.5

: Application/Analysis

68) How can prokaryotes be considered to be more successful on Earth than humans?

A) Prokaryotes are much more numerous and have more biomass.

B) Prokaryotes occupy more diverse habitats.

C) Prokaryotes are more diverse in metabolism.

D) Only B and C are correct.

E) A, B, and C are correct.

E

Topic: Concept 27.5

: Knowledge/Comprehension

69) Foods can be preserved in many ways by slowing or preventing bacterial growth. Which of

these methods would not generally inhibit bacterial growth?

A) Refrigeration: Slows bacterial metabolism and growth.

B) Closing previously opened containers: Prevents more bacteria from entering, and

excludes O2.

C) Pickling: Creates a pH at which most bacterial enzymes cannot function.

D) Canning in heavy sugar syrup: Creates osmotic conditions that remove water from

most bacterial cells.

E) Irradiation: Kills bacteria by mutating their DNA to such an extent that their

DNA-repair enzymes are overwhelmed.

B

Topic: Concept 27.6

: Application/Analysis

Chapter 27, Bacteria and Archaea 567

70) Many physicians administer antibiotics to patients at the first sign of any disease

symptoms. Why can this practice cause more problems for these patients, and for others not

yet infected?

A) The antibiotic administered may kill viruses that had been keeping the bacteria in

check.

B) Antibiotics may cause other side effects in patients.

C) Overuse of antibiotics can select for antibiotic-resistant strains of bacteria.

D) Particular patients may be allergic to the antibiotic.

E) Antibiotics may interfere with the ability to identify the bacteria present.

C

Topic: Concept 27.6

: Knowledge/Comprehension

71) Broad-spectrum antibiotics inhibit the growth of most intestinal bacteria. Consequently,

assuming that nothing is done to counter the reduction of intestinal bacteria, a hospital

patient who is receiving broad-spectrum antibiotics is most likely to become

A) unable to fix carbon dioxide.

B) antibiotic resistant.

C) unable to fix nitrogen.

D) unable to synthesize peptidoglycan.

E) deficient in certain vitamins.

E

Topic: Concept 27.6

: Application/Analysis

72) Which statement about gram-negative bacteria is correct?

A) Penicillins are the best antibiotics to use against them.

B) They often possess an outer membrane containing toxic lipopolysaccharides.

C) Their chromosomes are composed of DNA tightly wrapped around large amounts of

histone proteins.

D) Their cell walls are primarily composed of peptidoglycan.

B

Topic: Concepts 27.1, 27.6

: Knowledge/Comprehension

1) Genetic variation in bacterial populations cannot result from

A) transduction.

B) transformation.

C) conjugation.

D) mutation.

E) meiosis.

E

2) Photoautotrophs use

A) light as an energy source and CO2 as a carbon source.

B) light as an energy source and methane as a carbon source.

C) N2 as an energy source and CO2 as a carbon source.

D) CO2 as both an energy source and a carbon source.

E) H2S as an energy source and CO2 as a carbon source.

A

3) Which of the following statements is not true?

A) Archaea and bacteria have different membrane lipids.

B) Both archaea and bacteria generally lack membrane-enclosed organelles.

C) The cell walls of archaea lack peptidoglycan.

D) Only bacteria have histones associated with DNA.

E) Only some archaea use CO2 to oxidize H2, releasing methane.

D

4) Which of the following features of prokaryotic biology involves metabolic cooperation

among cells?

A) binary fission

B) endospore formation

C) endotoxin release

D) biofilms

E) photoautotrophy

D

5) Which prokaryotic group is mismatched with its members?

A) ProteobacteriaNdiverse gram-negative bacteria

B) Gram-positive bacteriaNsymbionts in legume root nodules

C) SpirochetesNhelical heterotrophs

D) ChlamydiasNintracellular parasites

E) CyanobacteriaNsolitary and colonial photoautotrophs

B

6) Plant-like photosynthesis that releases O2 occurs in

A) cyanobacteria.

B) chlamydias.

C) archaea.

D) actinomycetes.

E) chemoautotrophic bacteria.

A