BIO 365 Labs 1, 2, 3, 4

What is anatomical position?

Standing upright facing forward with arms at the sides and palms facing forward

What is the sagittal plane?

Divides the body into left and right portions

What is the frontal plane?

Divides the body into anterior and posterior portions

What is the transverse plane?

Divides the body into superior and inferior portions

What does superior mean?

Toward the head or above

What is the opposite of superior?

Inferior

What does medial mean?

Toward the midline of the body

What is the opposite of medial?

Lateral

What does dorsal mean?

Toward the back of the body

What is the opposite of dorsal?

Ventral

What does distal mean?

Farther from the point of attachment

What is the opposite of distal?

Proximal

What does posterior mean?

Toward the back

What is the opposite of posterior?

Anterior

What does superficial mean?

Closer to the body surface

What is the opposite of superficial?

Deep

What does ipsilateral mean?

On the same side of the body

What is the opposite of ipsilateral?

Contralateral

What is the axial region?

The head neck and trunk

What is the appendicular region?

The limbs and the structures that attach them to the trunk

What does cephalic mean?

Head region

What does cranial mean?

Skull region

What does facial mean?

Face region

What does frontal mean?

Forehead region

What does buccal mean?

Cheek region

What does cervical mean?

Neck region

What does thoracic mean?

Chest region

What does sternal mean?

Breastbone region

What does axillary mean?

Armpit region

What does acromial mean?

Shoulder region

What does brachial mean?

Upper arm region

What does antecubital mean?

Front of the elbow

What does antebrachial mean?

Forearm region

What does carpal mean?

Wrist region

What does palmar mean?

Palm of the hand

What does digital mean?

Fingers or toes

What does inguinal mean?

Groin region

What does femoral mean?

Thigh region

What does coxal mean?

Hip region

What does patellar mean?

Front of the knee

What does crural mean?

Lower leg region

What does tarsal mean?

Ankle region

What does pedal mean?

Foot region

What does occipital mean?

Back of the skull

What does scapular mean?

Shoulder blade region

What does manual mean?

Hand region

What does sacral mean?

Region over the sacrum

What does gluteal mean?

Buttock region

What does perineal mean?

Region between the external reproductive organs and anus

What does popliteal mean?

Back of the knee

What does calcaneal mean?

Heel region

What does plantar mean?

Sole of the foot

What is this region?

Umbilical region

What is this region?

Epigastric region

What is this region?

Hypogastric region

What are these regions?

Hypochondriac regions

What are these regions?

Iliac regions

What does the cranial cavity contain?

The brain

What does the vertebral cavity contain?

The spinal cord

What does the thoracic cavity contain?

The heart and lungs

What is the main function of the cardiovascular system?

Transports blood gases nutrients wastes and hormones

What is the main function of the digestive system?

Breaks down food and absorbs nutrients

What is the main function of the endocrine system?

Produces hormones that regulate body functions

What is the main function of the integumentary system?

Protects the body and helps regulate temperature

What is the main function of the lymphatic immune system?

Provides immune defense and maintains fluid balance

What is the main function of the muscular system?

Produces movement and heat

What is the main function of the nervous system?

Controls and coordinates body activities

What is the main function of the reproductive system?

Produces sex cells and supports reproduction

What is the main function of the respiratory system?

Exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide

What is the main function of the skeletal system?

Provides support protection and movement

What is the main function of the urinary system?

Removes wastes and regulates water and electrolytes

What does the nucleus do?

Contains DNA and controls cell activities

What do nuclear pores do?

Control movement into and out of the nucleus

What does the plasma membrane do?

Controls what enters and leaves the cell

What do ribosomes do?

Make proteins

What does smooth ER do?

Makes lipids and helps with detoxification

What does rough ER do?

Makes and processes proteins

What does the Golgi apparatus do?

Modifies packages and ships proteins and lipids

What do lysosomes do?

Waste removal and digestion

What do peroxisomes do?

Break down fatty acids and detoxify harmful substances

What do mitochondria do?

Produce ATP for the cell

What forms microfilaments?

Actin

What does the cytoskeleton do?

Provides structure and helps with cell movement

What do microtubules do?

Help with cell structure movement and chromosome movement

What do microfilaments do?

Help with cell shape and movement

What do cilia do?

Move substances across the cell surface

What do flagella do?

Move the cell through fluid

What does the centrosome do?

Organizes microtubules

Centrioles form the ___

Centrosomes

What is a differentiated cell?

A cell specialized for a specific function

What is an undifferentiated cell?

A cell that has not become specialized

What are the phases of mitosis in order?

Prophase metaphase anaphase and telophase

What happens during prophase?

Chromosomes condense and the spindle begins to form

What happens during metaphase?

Chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell

What happens during anaphase?

Sister chromatids separate and move to opposite sides

What happens during telophase?

New nuclei form around the chromosomes

What happens during interphase?

The cell grows performs normal functions and replicates its DNA

What is a concentration gradient?

A difference in concentration between two areas

What is diffusion?

Movement from high concentration to low concentration

What is passive transport?

Movement across a membrane without additional cellular energy