6) Renal Blood Flow and GFR, Handling of Glucose, Erythopoetin

What best describes primary active transport in the kidney?

Transport of molecules using ATP against a concentration gradient

Where are sodium-potassium pumps located in renal tubular cells?

Basolateral membrane of nephron cells

What is secondary active transport in the kidney powered by?

Ionic gradients established by active transport

The sodium-glucose cotransporter is an example of which type of mechanism?

Secondary active transport via symport

Why does plasma glucose freely filter at the glomerulus?

It is unbound and small enough to pass

How is glucose reabsorbed in the proximal tubule?

Through sodium-glucose co-transport using SGLT2

What do SGLT2 inhibitors do in diabetes treatment?

Block glucose reabsorption in the proximal tubule

What condition results when glucose exceeds the transport maximum in the nephron?

Glucosuria

What is the approximate glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in a healthy adult?

120 mL/min

What accounts for polyuria in uncontrolled diabetes?

Glucose acting as an osmotic diuretic

What is the filtration fraction in normal renal physiology?

20%

What pressure promotes glomerular filtration?

Hydrostatic pressure in the glomerular capillaries

Which arteriole, when constricted, increases glomerular pressure and mildly increases GFR?

Efferent arteriole

What mechanism contributes most to renal autoregulation?

Myogenic response and tubuloglomerular feedback

What do macula densa cells detect in tubuloglomerular feedback?

Sodium levels in the distal tubule

Which substance is ideal for measuring GFR due to no reabsorption or secretion?

Inulin

Which GFR estimation formula adjusts for race, age, and gender but not body size?

MDRD formula

What distinguishes glomerular filtrate from plasma?

Absence of large proteins like albumin

What is the most common anaemia type seen in renal failure?

Normocytic normochromic anaemia

What is a key function of erythropoietin?

Stimulates red blood cell production in bone marrow

What is a risk of excessive erythropoiesis-stimulating agent (ESA) use?

Thrombosis and stroke

Why was EPO banned in sports competitions?

It enhances oxygen delivery and endurance unfairly