APUSH unit 1 study guide

De las Cases

• spaniard who spent time in america

• says europeans are “barbarians”: constantly warring and doing unhuman things

• says natives are great but need to be christianized, need help, and need to change their culture

Puritans

• wanted to purify the church: moral, strict,

• when you where born, it was already decided if you would go to heaven or hell(people would get hints from god that they are going to heaven, chosen ones(one of few things people looked forward to these days)

• had to prove/act that Jesus found them

Pilgrims

• separate from church

• part 1620 Virginia company of London that got sent out on mayflower(half on it were puritans)

• would sen back products from americas for 7 years, then owned land

• signed mayflower compact

• ½ died in frist months

• what saved them in winter was Squanto(slave in Spain who escaped to England) and samoset(learned English through trade)

Christopher Columbus

italien explorer who claimed the island of San Salvador in Bahamas for the king and queen of Spain

Atlantic world

the emerging state upon which peoples from Europe, Africa, and north and South America would increasingly interact after Columbus’s voyage to the Bahamas in 1492

join-stock company

a business corporation that amassed capital through sales of stock to investors

columbian exchange

• exchange of goods from America, Caribbean, Africa, and europe

• wanting new land and explore resulted in this

Europe before americas

• renaissance period

• spain, france, and England were most powerful

• rich stayed rich, poor didn’t get rich(economic regulations so this stays like that) but eventually changed into a market economy

• man in house was in charge

• reformations and counter reformations(religious problems)

pilgrim and native relationshp

• so settlers stopped stealing food, natives taught them how to grow their own food

• relationship weakened after introduction of firearms(made colonists domestic)

militarization of Plymouth under miles standish

• became self-suficant

• went from communal farming to individual plots

English church reformation

• church decided to turn protestant(resulted in queen being in charge over priests but priests decided if they would follow conservative or radical costumes)

• puritans separated from church or tried reforming it(were attracted to England)

indian population

• significantly struggled due to epidemics from Europe

• wipe out of indians

• helped europeans easily take over with little resistance

mayflower compact

upon arriving in New England, every male aboard on the mayflower signed this to declare themselves as a “civil body politic” or first government were none had existed before

new Netherlands

• Spains control(high taxes and religious intoleration) drove dutch to revolt and succeed

• became wealthy commercial power

• dutch had empire in Brazil, south Africa, Indonesia, and north america

• settled at mouth of Hudson NY(later named it Manhattan)

• flourished with fur trade with Mohawks

• allied with mohawks

church of england is known as…

anglican church

Spain settled in…

• latin America, Mexico, Caribbean, and outposts of florida

• attracted by aztec and incas wealth and gold

• some expeditions failed while others succeeded

france settled in…

• canada(nova scotia, quebec, st.lawrance river)

• attracted by finding a northwest passage to pacific and later to find more land to engage in trading with dutch and england

• successful in trading beaver skin with indians

• successfully took over Quebec

dutch settled in…

• Hudson River and island on Hudsons mouth or manhatten

• attracted by trade with native Americans and the permission of music indians to settle there

• successful in fur trade because mohawks kept trade going(European goods for fur)

John Winthrop

governor of masachusetts bay colony who wrote “A model of Christian charity”

wanted MA to be a model for rest of world

“A model of Christian charity”

This spelled out the Massachusetts Bay colony, social and political ideals. It declared that Massachusetts “shall be as a city upon a hill the eyes of all people upon us”. The sellers would build a harmonious , godly community in which individuals would subordinate their personal interest to a higher purpose. the result would be an example for the rest of the world and we're particularly inspiring england to live to its role as Gods “elect nation”

unfortunately England did not really care or watch this colony nor did the rest of the world

pilgrims vs puritans

pilgrims:

• God carried out justice

• karma = carried out by God

• if there's only one bad guy, you just take care of him

puritans:

• Agreement between God, the God will keep them safe as long as they follow his rules.

• If they break his rules, there will be punishments = He will be coming for them.

• One mistake = ruin life

• creates more fear

social reciprocity

• puritan idea that the key to community is that the rich and the poor have a duty to help each other

• no economic jealousy

• rich are supposed to treat their servants well and if not, they will be punished.

• Says that there will be a gap in wealth and that's OK.

church in new england

• Religion and profit and work together, but must be regulated

• members of church can vote, but you have to prove that you had a conversion experience

puritans overview

• High life expectancy because there's no tropical diseases

• woman were regarded highly

• very practical people who believe strongly in the realities of life and education

• high death rate so you can get to attached→taught this to young children and parents showed no affection and had MANY kids

• no emotion

“demise of the puritan errand”

Because people were moving away from the church this system was created by Puritans so that as long as your parents had conversion experience, you were in the church. over generations, caused less and less people in church

“New England Way’

• A set of official policies set by puritan ministers to maintain order in the colony

• a system of Puritan beliefs and church practices that shaped life in the early colonies. It stressed strict moral behavior, community cooperation, and church membership based on a personal conversion experience.

• Puritans wanted a utopia and wanted everyone to think that they were better especially England, but England doesn't care

Roger williams

puritan minister who advocated complete separation of church and state and religious toleration

argued for religious freedom and the separation of church and state. He was banished from Massachusetts and founded Rhode Island, where people could worship freely.

anne hutchinson

a member of the Boston congregation who publicly criticized the clergy for judging prospective, church members on the basis of “good works”, the Catholic standard for salvation that protestants had criticized since the reformation

challenged Puritan leaders by teaching that people could find God’s grace without ministers. Her followers were called Antinomians, meaning they believed faith alone—without strict obedience to laws—was enough for salvation.

restoration

period when the England monarchy was restored after Oliver Crowell’s death and Charles the second was crowned

pequot war

War in 1637 between the colonist of Connecticut and the pequot Indians. colonists won and took over the pequots land

It ended with the near destruction of the Pequot people, opening more land for English expansion

1) pequot attacked after continuous mistreated by colonists

2) English made alliances with peqout enemies

3) English destroyed pequots(slaughtered many people) people were stunned by how violent English were

4) New England assumed the same thing will happen here, so English started to prepare

king Phillips war

War in 1675 between the Wompanoags and the Plymouth colonist which was ignited by hanging of 3 Wampanoags for killing a Christian Indian

King Philips = Native American leader

1) because of the pequot war English started to be aggressive towards natives and wanted all their land

2)king Philips bonds together multiple native Americans to try and defeat English

3)natives attack 52 towns and killed many

4) Massachusetts joined in neighboring towns and war was more even between natives and English

5) English slaughtered or enslaved many natives

6) king Philips got killed , and English kept his head as a warning to other natives

*huge war, included almost all of New England → opportunity to wipe native out(Population reduced by 40%)

virginia

North American colony established by the british

indentured servants

Young men and women, usually unemployed, and poor, who were given free passage to America plus basic needs such as food, shelter, and clothing and exchange for labor usually for 4 to 7 years

used to attract workers

2 joint stock companies in Virginia launched by king James I from england

1) Virginia company of Plymouth, which gave up and return to England

2) Virginia company of London, which expected treatment by Indians and refused to do work themselves, which resulted them running out of food

Virginia company of London solution

Virginia's military leader John Smith attempted to take over Powhatan fields and gained some trade for crops, but after a gunpowder explosion, he headed back to England. after a while a new military rule took over and conquered Powhatans and kidnapped Powhatans daughter pocahontes

John Rolfe

Man in Virginia, who married pocahontes , Pocahontas taught him how to grow tobacco , which eventually grew Virginia wealthy. Pocahontas is now celebrated in England

by 1622, Virginia faced problems:

1) official defrauded shareholders, which resulted in overcharging for supplies and company laborers to work on their own fields

2) high death rates

3) relationship with natives worsened = worsened conditions for sellers and laborers

virgina resulted in bankruptcy because…

Governor Wyatt launch another war against Powhatan and drove them out completely, but this resulted in bankruptcy and resulted in James I placing Virginia directly under Royal colony

royal colony

A type of colony that is administrated by a crown appointed governor who would appoint and dismiss leading gentlemen in the colony to an advisory council

proprietary colony

A type of colony that is administrated by proprietors, usually one or two English elites

Virginia turned into a proprietary colony in 1632, which gave out grants of land

lord Baltimore

• Catholic nobleman who received a proprietary grant from Charles I for a large part of land north of the Potomac River and east of Chesapeake Bay

• used land grant to establish Maryland as a colony for refugees of English Catholics, who were suffering in England,

• created institution of the manor: an estate where a Lord could maintain private law courts and employ a catholic priest as his Chaplin

act for religious toleration

Pass in 1649 affirmed religious toleration in Maryland. It was known as a toleration act.

cheasapoeak society

• Was in Virginia, Maryland.

• Life was short and community aspect was missing.

• Grew tobacco on native land and use black slavery and laborers.

in 1650, royal colony of Virginia split into 2 chambers…

• Elected house of burgesses,

• governors council

Adopted England's County Court government system, and Church of England ,its tax system, and vestives

Religion was not as popular as in New England and priests were rare so service was rarely conducted, but attendance was mandatory

after Maryland was established by Baltimore…

• No starvation occurred

• protestants were majority of population and purchase properties.

• Religious tensions occurred, Baltimore created a toleration act.

• Toleration act was broken by protestants

• protestant resistance continued on Catholic rule.

coverture

English common law referring to a woman's legal status upon marriage as being subsumed under or covered by her husband. He served as her protection, but also her authority, her property, body, children and wages were all considered his.

when women in cheasapeak was widowed…

• High death rate so woman were widowed a lot.

• Men population was greater than women's so woman had choice in husbands.

• When woman was widowed, she had more economic freedom, gained more property, and had a larger choice of a husband.

towns in tobacco county

• Towns were spread out

• tobacco best grew by river so 80% of homes were by Riverside( were wealthy planters were)

• urbanization did not happen

headright system

• when tobacco prices sank, small planters had no other option, but to use this,

• it built up large land holdings where 50 acre land grants were awarded for each labor imported, favoring wealthy planners

• create a gap between rich and poor

freedman after indentured servant

After term was over, not many options were open to these free people since they had no money or a job so they roamed as tenants or wage laborers on large plantations

Usually fled to England for a better life, but also there stayed in poverty

after colony of Roanoke disappeared in Jamestown…

• Wanted to do better and in 1607 Jamestown was found as the first settlement

• mostly men, but men weren't used to labor so it was disastrous

• lack of preparation led to starvation

John smiths order

• Enforce strict rules and organized work gangs: told men what to do, taught them sanitation, how to respect one another, no hierarchy

• was captured by Indians, but earned their respect

• got injured in a gunpowder explosion and went back to England

• jamestown with no leader fell apart

tobacco

• Before Tobacco, desperate settlers ate dogs, cats, and corpses to survive

• new arrivals in 1616 still struggled

• John Roth saved colony with tobacco

• tobacco is addictive so you always have customers, but since everyone decided to sell it the price dropped by 97% by 1629

• later market stabilized, but never back to original heights

servitude and migration in virginia

• Massive workforces were needed to sustain and harvest fields so concluded in head right system

• 90% of people who came over were males people

• people who came over first got good river side land but after a while all servants got bad land

Life and death in Virginia

Life expectancy was 20 years shorter than in New England

because high male population widows had more rights to inherit land, legal rights and etc.

religion in virginia

• Became less important to people

• people lived pretty far apart so maintaining parishes was hard

• tolerance was pretty open

middle colonies

in Pennsylvania:

• very religious

• William penn’s holy experience

• excepting of others

• quakers

dutch in NY

• export economy

• Hudson river

• high on fur trade with mohawks

maryland

• lord baltimore

• catholic refugee(catholics were persecuted from england)

• act of religious toleration

south carolina

• rice(cash crop)

• plantation economy

• majority of population was slaves

• lots of indentured servants

context to bacon rebellion

• Problems with tobacco widened gap between rich and poor

• Nathanial bacon, who is related to the governor, was sent to Virginia by his family

• land becomes unfavorable because good land has been taken

• tobacco prices drop → idea of upward mobility vanishes

• landed that is still available Is closer to natives

→ sellers want to kill natives, but Governor Berkeley says no, but they can build forts( have to pay for forts themselves)

bacon rebellion right before it started

• Settler sent Nathanial bacon to talk to Governor, which results in a deal: that they can't make war on natives, but if natives were on their land and feel threatened, they can attack them → bacon returns to settlers in war spirit, but Governor changes his mind last minute(realized it was a bad idea) when settlers were already ready to fight

• Since they can't fight natives and are in war spirit, they turned around and go to Jamestown and attack it

during bacon rebellion…

• A lot of violence against own colony,

• Nathaniel Bacon dies = without leader rebellion falls apart

• class tensions are high

to fix class tensions after bacon rebellion…

Unite over the fact that they are all white so turn against black slaves

witch hunt:

• Community fear - source of tension, problem to be solved

• scapegoats - people blamed as simple solutions to complex problems.

• Guilt by accusation - normal rules of trial and evidence not used

• circumstantial evidence - facts that suggest something without providing direct proof which gets public opinion

• problems need to blame someone for them but when everyone is accusing everyone no one listens

people draw to religion…

when things are not going well, so witch trials were perfect for this

salem village

• Were accusers lived

• very religious

• not economic successful people

• lower class

• poor people

salem town

• Were accused witches lived

• economically successful

• more individualized

• wealthier

• had class tension with Salem Village

women who were accused of witchcraft…

• First group that was accused were odd: they had strong personalities, skip church, etc.

• second group of women accused were likely to be widows: have no brothers, no sons so they could own property and live alone.

• Both these groups were not Puritan ideals.

conversionary fastidious disorder

• May have been the cause for many young girls to get sick and act weirdly, which started the whole witchcraft idea

• teenage girls had to get married and have kids at a very young age which caused them to be overwhelmed

• when people get overwhelmed and stressed, the body has seizures/gets sick from tension and stress

government in new england

was based on town meetings, where male church members voted on local issues. It combined Puritan religious authority with self‑rule, making communities both politically and spiritually governed.

government in virginia

was led by the House of Burgesses, the first elected assembly in the colonies. It gave wealthy landowners a voice in lawmaking, while the governor—appointed by England—held ultimate authority.

rhode island

was founded by Roger Williams as a haven for religious freedom and separation of church and state. It became known for its tolerance, welcoming dissenters and different faiths unlike most other New England colonies.

half way covenant

allowed children of baptized but non‑converted Puritans to join the church. It was meant to increase church membership, though it weakened strict religious standards in New England.

separatists

were English Protestants who wanted to break away completely from the Church of England. Many of them became known as Pilgrims, sailing on the Mayflower in 1620 to establish Plymouth Colony.

mass bay

was founded in 1630 by Puritans seeking to build a religious community based on their beliefs. It grew quickly into a major New England settlement, with strict Puritan leadership and a focus on self‑governance.

voting requirements

• New England: was usually limited to male church members who had undergone a conversion experience. This tied political rights to religious membership, reinforcing Puritan control over community life.

• Virginia:was restricted to wealthy male landowners, especially those with large plantations. This created a hierarchy of power, where the elite dominated colonial government and decision‑making.

women in new england

were expected to focus on family, household work, and religious devotion. They had few legal or political rights, with authority largely held by men in both church and government.

praying towns

were settlements created by Puritans in New England to convert Native Americans to Christianity. In these towns, Natives were expected to adopt English customs and religion, often losing their traditional culture.

education in new england

Education in New England was strongly influenced by Puritan beliefs, emphasizing literacy so people could read the Bible. This led to the creation of public schools and colleges like Harvard, making the region a center of learning.

also taught children early on of death, that they will die, and to not show emotion