Race

What is the working definition of 'Race' according to the lecture?

Race is a social and cultural system by which we categorize people based on presumed biological differences.

What significant changes were noted in racial categories on the Census from 2000 to 2010?

Almost 10 million residents changed how they identified as racial categories changed.

What does 'herrenvolk democracy' refer to in the context of U.S. history?

A society where democracy exists for one group, while other groups are subjected to oppression.

What were the Reconstruction Amendments?

The 13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments which enabled a brief possibility of multiracial democracy.

What period is referred to as the Civil Rights Era?

1960s-1980s, marked by expanding democracy, including important legislation like the Civil Rights Act (1964).

How is group identity defined in the lecture?

Group identity encompasses objective membership and subjective psychological importance of belonging to a group.

What does 'linked fate' mean in the context of political consciousness?

The notion that individuals feel what happens to their group affects their own lives.

What does crimmigration refer to?

The merging of immigration law and criminal law, criminalizing immigration.

How have Blacks and Hispanics been represented in U.S. prisons according to the lecture?

They are overrepresented in the U.S. prison population compared to their share of the total adult population.

What does 'mass incarceration' entail according to Michele Alexander?

It refers to the broader web of laws, rules, policies, and customs controlling those labeled as criminals, beyond just the criminal justice system.

What effect does higher group cohesion have on political participation?

Higher group cohesion or solidarity is often linked with higher political participation.

What was the educational background of respondents in the Malhotra and Newman study on 'merit-based' immigration admissions?

The study examined the effects of respondents' biases against immigrants with varying education and skill levels.

What is a significant statistic about the U.S. prison population mentioned in the lecture?

The U.S. has more than 20% of the world's prisoners while only composing 5% of the global population.

How have mandatory minimum sentences contributed to incarceration rates?

They have limited judicial discretion and have been implemented in all 50 states, tying sentencing strictly to specific crimes.

What historical events helped shape the concept of racial animus?

The transition from biological racism to 'New Racism' post-Civil Rights Movement.

What did Crenshaw argue regarding intersectionality?

The experience of one identity is conditioned by other identities, leading to unique experiences of discrimination.

What does the Gender Pay Gap illustrate about racial and ethnic disparities?

Different racial and ethnic groups face varying pay gaps; e.g., Black women earn 61 cents to every dollar made by white men.