Exam #4 (CH 15, 16, & 17)- MCB2010 (IN PROGRESS)

Name the 2 characteristics of innate immunity

Nonspecific and quick/rapid detection of pathogens

Explain the primary physical feature about skin that make it impermeable to most pathogens:

the skin has many layers

What is the structures by which tear fluid potentially carrying infectious organisms is internalized into the nasal cavity to eventually pass through several tonsils?

Lacrimal apparatus

What destroys peptidoglycan cell wall of bater?

Lysozyme

What is known to slow down viral infections?

Interferon(s)

What is known to poke holes in the membranes of pathogens?

Ferritin

What is the level of specificity within innate immunity?

It recognizes chemical patterns (seen only in pathogens)

What is the specificity of adaptive immunity?

is recognizes amino acid or sugar sequences in polymers

Speed of innate immunity

Rapid (sec-min)

Speed of adaptive immunity

Delayed (hours-days)

memory of innate immunity?

none

memory of adaptive immunity

successive refinement

presence of innate immunity

all life forms

presence of adaptive immunity

vertebrates only

Example of obvious bodily response of the innate immune system

Physical signs of allergic reaction (for example anaphylactic shock due to ingestion of peanuts)

The body has three lines of defense that includes both

innate and adaptive immunity

describe the first stage of bodily defense

external structures and "dumb" functions - always "on", low-level protection, sheilds you from 99.9% of threatening pathogens, includes external and internal organ structures such as skin, mucous membrances, microbiome, fluids, etc.

Describe the second line of defense

this is where the innate immune system comes in - includes macrophages, granulocytes, innate lymphoid cells - "on" with pathogen contact - low level protection - rapid but unrefined with no memory of history

Describe the third line of defense

this is where the adaptive immune system comes in - includes dendritic cells, other lymphoid cells, other granulocytes - slow but speed improved with repeated contact - "fine tune detection" - detects specific pathogens and protein sequences/sugars

How do mucous membranes offer defense against pathogens?

Name 1 skin defense

extretion of NaCl which creates a hypertonic environment which is unattractive to certain microbes

Name a defense of the respiratory system

ciliary elevator

Name a defense of the intestines

peristalsis, high volume excretion

Name a defense of the reproductive system

probiotic activity, pH level

Defense of the eyes include

tear fluid

2 layers of the skin

epidermis, dermis

The epidermis is composed of

stratified squamous epithelial tissue

the dermis is composed of

loose connective tissue

define dendritic cells and macrophages and where they are found

white blood cells that engulf invading microbes and present antigens to lymphocytes; found in the dermis of the skin

name the proteins of the dermis and their function

collagen which provides resilience;

elastin allows skin to be pliable

the number one way that pathogens get into the skin is through

microabrasions

purpose of connective tissue

Framework for forming organs, binding, supporting, storing excess nutrients, AND COMMUNICATION BETWEEN TISSUE TYPES

Biochemicals defenses of the skin and their functions

salt secreted by sweat glands inhibits the growth of pathogens, Lysozyme destroys cell wall of gram positive microbes, immunoglobulin A which binds to known pathogens befor they infect, Sebum secreated by the sebaceous glands which keeps skin pliable - prevents microabrasions - and lowers skin pH

How does salt from the sweat glands act as a biochemical defense?

it creates a hyper tonic environment on the surface of your skin which is unattractive to many pathogens and inhibits growth of pathogens

How do antimicrobial peptides act as a biochemical defense?

they act against microorganisms

How does Lysozyme act as a biochemical defense?

it destroys cell wall of bacteria

How does immunoglobulin A act as a biochemical defense?

it binds to KNOWN pathogens BEFORE they infect

How does sebum act as a biochemical defense?

it keeps skin pliable and less likely to tear in addition to lowering skin pH to a level inhibitory to many pathogenic bacteria (pH of 5-6)

IgA is produced in which level of the immune system?

Adaptive immune system

What produces mucus?

goblet cells in the epithelial lining

name the 3 layers of the mucous membrane

thin epithelium, thick fluid mucus layer which lies on top of the epithelium, connective tissue layer that supports the epithelium

dendritc cells and macrophages are found within

the connective tissue layer; they phagycotize pathogens

Which structure of the body's first line of defense participates strongly within the innate immune system?

The lacrimal apparatus

The eyes produce fluid called _____

tears

Define acute tear production

used to flush out acute invaders such as dust, spit, gnats, etc.

Define constitutive tear production and mechanism of action

helps keep eyes moist and allows eyelids to move with minimal friction - blinking spreads tears and washes surface of the eye

Microbial antagonism is part of the body's 1st, 2nd, or 3rd line of defense?

1st

What is microbial antagonism?

the ability of the normal flora to outcompete and outgrow pathogens

anywhere where there is skin or mucous membranes, what is occuring?

microbe warfare

How does microbial antagonism of the body's first line of defense relate to the body's second line of defense?

continual detection by the immune system keeps the innate immune system turned on a slight amount so that it, being the second line of defense, is primed

Lactobacillus

normal flora, used as a probiotic

hormones released during the menstrual cycle

progesterone and estrogen

lots of sugar lots of acid - bacteria love starch and they convert it into sugar

the body's secondary line of defense

various cells (mostly blood cells), antimicrobial chemicals released by cells, cellular processes (when the cells actually perform to get rid of pathogens within the tissues)

why do we separate blood after donation and prior to infusion?

to avoid graft versus host disease

the liquid part of blood is called

plasma

plasma consists of

clotting factors and serum

serum contains 1 protein called Ferriitin which is the most common. What is its function? Serum also contains 2 specific proteins that play a role in biochemical defense. what are they?

Ferritin is an iron-binding compound which is needed for metabolism and some microbes produce proteins that bind to iron; complement proteins and antibodies

complement proteins

pops holes in membranes of cells (specifically pathogenic cells) great if gram neg. bac, helminths, or enveloped viruses

Antibodies

Specialized proteins that aid in destroying infectious agents

What are considered defensive blood cells

Leukocytes

formed elements of blood consist of

cells and cell fragments

role of erythrocytes as the body's second line of defense

carry O2 and CO2 in the blood

role of platelets as the body's second line of defense

fragmented megakaryocyte, involved in blood clotting

antigen

A protein that, when introduced in the blood, triggers the production of an antibody

interferon

Protein produced by cells in response to being infected by a virus; helps other cells resist the virus.

affinity maturation

The increase in affinity of the antigen-binding sites of antibodies for the antigen that occurs during the course of an adaptive immune response.

affinity

a spontaneous or natural liking or sympathy for someone or something.

role of leukocytes as the body's second line of defense

involved in defending the body against invaders, divided into granulocytes and agranulocytes

how are leukocytes divided?

granulocytes and agranulocytes

What causes the "grainy" appearance of granulocytes?

contain toxic enzymes which are inflammatory chemicals which are used to perform carpet bombing or send flares to signal for help

Granulocytes tend to respond to infections [inside/outside] of host cells

INSIDE

Which granulocytes are considered phagocytic cells? define phagocytic.

Eosinophils and Neutrophils; engulf patogens or their debris; some do not

Which granulocytes are considered non-phagocytic cells? define non-phagocytic.

basophils; only release granule contents

Eosinophils target

large pathogens (helminths, organ transplants)

Neutrophils target

any foreign pathogen

which granulocytic WBC is the most common?

Neutrophils

Basophils target

blood-borne pathogens

What process are phagocytic cells capable of?

Diapedesis

Diapedesis

the passage of blood cells through the intact walls of the capillaries, typically accompanying inflammation. Squeeze through the vessel wall. "The process of leaving the highway and entering the neighborhood"

Common in the blood

Lymphocytes

Circulate in the blood, looking for inflammatory signals

Monocytes

B cells, T cells, and NKT cells are related to what type of agranulocytic WBC?

Lymphocytes

Macrophages and Dendritic cells are related to what type of agranulocytic WBC?

Monocytes

engulf and destroy engulfed pathogens

Macrophages

macrophages interfacing with adaptive immune cells

Dendritic cells

Which cell is likened to a "spy"

dendritic - the most important for turning on the adaptive immune system

Innate lymphoid cells

recognize non-self or "compromised-self" cells

Managers

Lymphocytes

Gobblers

Monocytes

3 ways that immune cells eliminate pathogens?

Phagocytosis, Degranulation, and Cytotoxicity

Phagocytosis

swallow and digest pathogens or their debris

Degranulation

'carpet bombing' of large pathogens - accompanies inflammation

Cytotoxicity

kills specific compromised cells directly

6 stages of phagocytosis

1. Chemotaxis

2. Adhesion

3. Ingestion

4. Maturation

5. Killing

6. Elimination

Chemotaxis

detect inflammatory or infection signals; diapedesis; move toward pathogen signals

Adhesion

attach to pathogen

Ingestion

swallow pathogen

Maturation

fuse "swallowed" pathogen with lysosome

Killing

let the lysosome do its work