CSUF Phil 105 Exam 1

Apple Polishing

Attempt to get someone to come to a conclusion because your flattering them

“You look great today; can I have an extension?”

Argument from Outrage

Convince by use of mean words, inciting anger

“No smoking is an OUTRAGE! It is a BLATENT attack on our rights and freedoms”

Scare Tactics

Scare someone into doing something or accepting a position

“You should eat your veggies or else you’ll DIE”

Guilt Trip

Attempt to convince because we feel guilty if we don’t

“Your not coming to my party? After everything I did for you?”

Wishful Thinking

Accepting a claim because it would be nice if true

“Im too smart to fail” “Everything’s gonna be fine”

Argument from Pity

Feeling sorry for others makes us conclude on something else

“I need this job, my mom is sick, if I don’t she wont live”

Red Herring

Changing the topic to distract from the main argument

“Smoking gives you cancer; the sun also gives cancer”

Rationalizing

Using false evidence to justify a claim

“I got a 0 because my teacher hates me” - Didn’t study

Euphemism

A word that replaces another to be more positive/negative

“Passed away / Died” “pre owned / uses car”

Weasler

A claim that is adjusted to give a way out incase claim is challenged

“Get UP TO 75% off clothes”

Loaded Question

Question that rests on unwarranted assumptions. Dammed if you do, dammed if you don’t

“Have you stopped beating your wife”

Ridicule / Sarcasm

Dismissive language and behavior, no evidence

“No really, I never could have known that chocolate milk doesn’t come from brown cows”

Repition

Seeing or hearing something over and over again makes it more believable / nice

“Savor the freshness of our farm-fresh, freshly picked”

Proof surrogate

Suggests evidence exists without actually proving it

“Studies show…” “I saw in an article” “Scientists say..”

Anchoring bias

Paying too much attention to first piece of information

“This shirt is 50% off” - Creates anchor about good deal

Availability heuristic

The more available something is, the more likely you use it as evidence just because its striking

“Person covered with tattoos makes you assume they’re bad, despite no evidence”

Bandwagon effect

The more people hold a belief, the more you are to as well

“Everyone hates chiefs, you dont watch football but you hate them too”

Choice supportive bias

Defend and affirm our choices because they’re ours

“Buy car, brag about great mpg, ignore its issues”

Mere exposure effect

The more we see or hear, more likely to have positive feelings despite having no reason to

“Sees 100’s of Palestine TikToks = i like palestine”

Fundamental attribution error

Blaming others because its their fault, excusing yourself because its the environments fault

“Hes late because hes lazy, I was late because of traffic”

Negativity bias

Lingering on a few negative things, instead of many positive things

“Got hundreds of 5 stars, but focusing on one 12 star review”